Targeting Dynamics of CAR and PXR in the Mouse and Human Genomes

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Abstract In mammalian organisms, the xenobiotic-sensing receptors, CAR (constitutive androstane receptor; NR1I3) and PXR (pregnane X receptor; NR1I2), contribute critically as mediators of toxicological and physiological responses to chemical exposure. As nuclear receptors, both CAR and PXR function as transcriptional regulators for a large network of genes encoding a functional web of responses that include the metabolism and transport of xenobiotics, regulation of lipid and energy homeostasis, and modulation of cell proliferation. Mouse models of receptor biology have been deployed widely to characterize these features. Their importance notwithstanding, the mouse receptors are not equivalent to human. Among other aspects, the respective receptors differ fundamentally in their ligand specificity, encoded by marked variation in amino acid contact residues that define their ligand binding pockets. The receptors differ functionally as well, for example with CAR identified as necessary in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice following promotion by non-genotoxic receptor activators, such as the direct ligand, TCPOBOP, or indirect activators such as phenobarbital (PB). However, extensive epidemiological studies in human populations have ascertained no excess risk of cancers following chronic PB exposures. Strikingly, CAR and PXR share overlapping as well as distinct preferences for their abilities to bind DNA targets. Surprisingly, results using chromatin immunoprecipitation and bioinformatics analyses have revealed extensive divergence among transcription factor binding sites between species. Species-selective splice variation in each receptor further defines inherent differences in species response. To allow biologically-based and scientifically defensible extrapolations of receptor function across mammalian species that accurately predict potential human toxicities, it is critical to delineate the molecular mechanisms underlying these differential responses. The central hypothesis of this research program is that unique biological roles contributed by mouse and human CAR, and PXR, are programmed at their most basic level by their respective dynamic and differential abilities to interact with their genomic targets. Further, we hypothesize that in humans, the CAR2 and CAR3 splice variants of CAR contribute an added layer of biological diversity, programmed in part through differential interaction with their own distinct DNA interactions. The strategies advanced entail the use of unique biological models and application of powerful and unbiased chromatin immunoprecipitation approaches, coupled with next-generating sequencing and bioinformatics analyses. Overall, these studies will reveal the global interactome bridged by these receptors, identifying both shared and distinct sites of receptor binding that ultimately drive the biological and toxicological functions contributed by these critical xenoreceptors across mammalian gene networks.