TBD

When ice is formed in the natural water body, the air-water interaction is replaced by air-ice and ice-water interactions. The most sensitive factors on ice floe are snow-cover, surface albedo and upward sensible heat flux from water The last one is the least documented because of very few direct observations. Ice growth/melt at the bottom is a result of the difference among the upward sensible heat flux in water and the conductive heat flux in ice as well as the specific heat flux resulting from ice warming or cooling. The heat residual approach can be used to investigate upward sensible heat flux below ice floe. Thanks to the technology development, it is now possible to measures high-resolution vertical temperature profiles through the air-snow-ice-water column using a thermistor string-based Snow and Ice Mass Balance Array (SIMBA). SIMBA buoys are capable to be deployed with a large number. We are aiming to investigate ice-water interactions using SIMBA measured temperature data.