TY - JOUR
T1 - A national survey of managed honey bee 2012-2013 annual colony losses in the USA
T2 - Results from the Bee Informed Partnership
AU - Steinhauer, Nathalie A.
AU - Rennich, Karen
AU - Wilson, Michael E.
AU - Caron, Dewey M.
AU - Lengerich, Eugene J.
AU - Pettis, Jeff S.
AU - Rose, Robyn
AU - Skinner, John A.
AU - Tarpy, David R.
AU - Wilkes, James T.
AU - VanEngelsdorp, Dennis
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank all respondents for their participation. We thank Rachel Bozarth, Heather Eversole, Andrew Garavito, and Meghan McConnell for entering the answers from paper surveys. Our gratitude goes out to the many beekeeping organizations, industry leaders, and beekeeping clubs that forwarded our appeal for participation emails. A special thank you is owed to USDA APHIS, the Apiary Inspectors of America, the American Honey Producers Association, Brushy Mountain Bee Farm, Bee Culture magazine, and American Bee Journal for sending out participation requests to their online audiences. We are grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their comments and editing suggestions. This project was funded by a CAP grant from USDA-NIFA: the Bee Informed Partnership and includes, in addition to several of the authors, Kathy Baylis, Joseph Connell, Keith Delaplane, Susan Donohue, Wayne Esaias, Marla Spivak, Robyn Underwood, and the USDA-ARS Area wide Program on Bee Health.
PY - 2014
Y1 - 2014
N2 - For the past six years in which overwintering mortality of honey bee colonies has been surveyed in the USA, estimates of colony loss have fluctuated around one-third of the national population. Here we report on the losses for the 2012-2013 seasons. We collected data from 6,482 US beekeepers (6,114 backyard, 233 sideline, and 135 commercial beekeepers) to document overwintering mortality rates of honey bee colonies for the USA. Responding beekeepers reported a total 30.6% (95% CI: 30.16-31.13%) loss of US colonies over the winter, with each beekeeper losing on average 44.8% (95% CI: 43.88-45.66%) of their colonies. Total winter losses varied across states (range: 11.0% to 54.7%). The self-reported level of acceptable winter loss was 14.6%, and 73.2% of the respondents had mortality rates greater than this level. The leading self-identified causes of overwintering mortality were different according to the operation type; backyard beekeepers generally self-identified "manageable" factors (e.g., starvation, weak colony in the fall), while commercial beekeepers generally identified non-manageable factors (e.g., queen failure, pesticides) as the main cause of losses. For the first time in this series of surveys, we estimated mortality during the summer (total loss = 25.3% (95% CI: 24.80-25.74%), average loss = 12.5% (95% CI: 11.92-13.06%)). The entire 12-months period between April 2012 and April 2013 yielded a total loss of 45.2% (95% CI: 44.58-45.75%), and an average loss of 49.4% (95% CI: 48.46-50.43%). While we found that commercial beekeepers lost fewer colonies than backyard beekeepers in the winter (30.2% (95% CI: 26.54-33.93% vs 45.4% (44.46-46.32%) respectively), the situation was reversed in the summer where commercial beekeepers reported higher average losses than backyard beekeepers (21.6% (95% CI: 18.4-24.79%) vs 12.1% (11.46-12.65%)). These findings demonstrate the ongoing difficulties of US beekeepers in maintaining overall colony heath and survival.
AB - For the past six years in which overwintering mortality of honey bee colonies has been surveyed in the USA, estimates of colony loss have fluctuated around one-third of the national population. Here we report on the losses for the 2012-2013 seasons. We collected data from 6,482 US beekeepers (6,114 backyard, 233 sideline, and 135 commercial beekeepers) to document overwintering mortality rates of honey bee colonies for the USA. Responding beekeepers reported a total 30.6% (95% CI: 30.16-31.13%) loss of US colonies over the winter, with each beekeeper losing on average 44.8% (95% CI: 43.88-45.66%) of their colonies. Total winter losses varied across states (range: 11.0% to 54.7%). The self-reported level of acceptable winter loss was 14.6%, and 73.2% of the respondents had mortality rates greater than this level. The leading self-identified causes of overwintering mortality were different according to the operation type; backyard beekeepers generally self-identified "manageable" factors (e.g., starvation, weak colony in the fall), while commercial beekeepers generally identified non-manageable factors (e.g., queen failure, pesticides) as the main cause of losses. For the first time in this series of surveys, we estimated mortality during the summer (total loss = 25.3% (95% CI: 24.80-25.74%), average loss = 12.5% (95% CI: 11.92-13.06%)). The entire 12-months period between April 2012 and April 2013 yielded a total loss of 45.2% (95% CI: 44.58-45.75%), and an average loss of 49.4% (95% CI: 48.46-50.43%). While we found that commercial beekeepers lost fewer colonies than backyard beekeepers in the winter (30.2% (95% CI: 26.54-33.93% vs 45.4% (44.46-46.32%) respectively), the situation was reversed in the summer where commercial beekeepers reported higher average losses than backyard beekeepers (21.6% (95% CI: 18.4-24.79%) vs 12.1% (11.46-12.65%)). These findings demonstrate the ongoing difficulties of US beekeepers in maintaining overall colony heath and survival.
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U2 - 10.3896/IBRA.1.53.1.01
DO - 10.3896/IBRA.1.53.1.01
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84899649161
SN - 0021-8839
VL - 53
SP - 1
EP - 18
JO - Journal of Apicultural Research
JF - Journal of Apicultural Research
IS - 1
ER -