TY - JOUR
T1 - A Peripheral-Free True Random Number Generator Based on Integrated Circuits Enabled by Atomically Thin Two-Dimensional Materials
AU - Ravichandran, Harikrishnan
AU - Sen, Dipanjan
AU - Wali, Akshay
AU - Schranghamer, Thomas F.
AU - Trainor, Nicholas
AU - Redwing, Joan M.
AU - Ray, Biswajit
AU - Das, Saptarshi
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 American Chemical Society.
PY - 2023/9/12
Y1 - 2023/9/12
N2 - A true random number generator (TRNG) is essential to ensure information security for Internet of Things (IoT) edge devices. While pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs) have been instrumental, their deterministic nature limits their application in security-sensitive scenarios. In contrast, hardware-based TRNGs derived from physically unpredictable processes offer greater reliability. This study demonstrates a peripheral-free TRNG utilizing two cascaded three-stage inverters (TSIs) in conjunction with an XOR gate composed of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) field-effect transistors (FETs) by exploiting the stochastic charge trapping and detrapping phenomena at and/or near the MoS2/dielectric interface. The entropy source passes the NIST SP800-90B tests with a minimum normalized entropy of 0.8780, while the generated bits pass the NIST SP800-22 randomness tests without any postprocessing. Moreover, the keys generated using these random bits are uncorrelated with near-ideal entropy, bit uniformity, and Hamming distances, exhibiting resilience against machine learning (ML) attacks, temperature variations, and supply bias fluctuations with a frugal energy expenditure of 30 pJ/bit. This approach offers an advantageous alternative to conventional silicon, memristive, and nanomaterial-based TRNGs as it obviates the need for extensive peripherals while harnessing the potential of atomically thin 2D materials in developing low-power TRNGs.
AB - A true random number generator (TRNG) is essential to ensure information security for Internet of Things (IoT) edge devices. While pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs) have been instrumental, their deterministic nature limits their application in security-sensitive scenarios. In contrast, hardware-based TRNGs derived from physically unpredictable processes offer greater reliability. This study demonstrates a peripheral-free TRNG utilizing two cascaded three-stage inverters (TSIs) in conjunction with an XOR gate composed of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) field-effect transistors (FETs) by exploiting the stochastic charge trapping and detrapping phenomena at and/or near the MoS2/dielectric interface. The entropy source passes the NIST SP800-90B tests with a minimum normalized entropy of 0.8780, while the generated bits pass the NIST SP800-22 randomness tests without any postprocessing. Moreover, the keys generated using these random bits are uncorrelated with near-ideal entropy, bit uniformity, and Hamming distances, exhibiting resilience against machine learning (ML) attacks, temperature variations, and supply bias fluctuations with a frugal energy expenditure of 30 pJ/bit. This approach offers an advantageous alternative to conventional silicon, memristive, and nanomaterial-based TRNGs as it obviates the need for extensive peripherals while harnessing the potential of atomically thin 2D materials in developing low-power TRNGs.
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U2 - 10.1021/acsnano.3c03581
DO - 10.1021/acsnano.3c03581
M3 - Article
C2 - 37616285
AN - SCOPUS:85170248343
SN - 1936-0851
VL - 17
SP - 16817
EP - 16826
JO - ACS nano
JF - ACS nano
IS - 17
ER -