A perspective on the safety of large-format lithium-ion battery in underground mining operations: Thermal runaway and its mitigation

Abstract: The use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)-operated underground mining machinery has gained tremendous momentum as a result of their numerous advantages. This includes their high energy density, long cycle life, high voltage delivery, low heat release, stability, negligible memory effects, and low carbon footprint. Battery operated vehicles are also preferred in underground mines for their flexibility. They do not emit harmful pollutants during nominal operations, making the work environment safer for miners. However, thermal runaway (TR) incidents can occur which presents risks to miners and underground infrastructure. Therefore, it is crucial to understand battery operations and their failure mechanisms. This article outlines the advantages of LIBs, the necessary precautions for their safe operations underground, the conditions and impact of TR events, battery management systems, handling LIB fire emergencies, and the research opportunities to promote safer and widespread use.