Active adaptive management in insect pest and weed control: Intervention with a plan for learning

A major problem in insect pest and weed management is uncertainty. Managers are faced with three main types of uncertainty: uncertainty about biological and environmental processes, and observational uncertainty. Active adaptive management (AAM) is management with a deliberate plan for learning about the managed system, so that management can be improved in the face of uncertainty. We discuss the potential benefits of applying AAM to insect pest and weed control with reference to a number of examples. We first address the possible uses for AAM in biological control, with particular reference to agent selection and release. We also propose applying AAM methods to resistance management and to spatial strategies for pest control. We conclude with an overview of AAM, a discussion of some of the potential limitations to its use in pest management, and the possibilities for increased implementation of AAM in the future.