Age and cardiac output during cycle exercise in thermoneutral and warm environments

To determine whether chronological age, independent of changes in aerobic capacity, alters cardiac output (Q̇(c)), the central hemodynamic responses to intermittent incremental cycle exercise were studied in two groups of men. Q̇(c) was measured at rest and during exercise at 35%, 60%, 75%, and 85% peak aerobic capacity (V̇O(2peak)) using a CO₂ rebreathing method in seven trained older (65 ± 2 yr) and eight normally active but untrained young men (26 ± 1 yr) matched for VO(2peak) and anthropometric measures. Subjects were tested in both a thermoneutral (22°C) and a warm (36°C) environment to investigate possible differential cardiovascular responses to exercise in the heat. Only subjects with no history of pulmonary, cardiac, neuromuscular, or endocrine disease and a normal electrocardiogram were studied. The older men had significantly lower (P < 0.05) Q̇(c) relative to the younger men at intensities greater than 60% V̇O(2peak) in both environmental conditions. At these higher intensities, the older men had a significantly higher stroke volume (SV) and lower heart rate (HR) (P < 0.05). A higher arteriovenous oxygen difference ((a-v̄)O₂)) compared with their younger counterparts enabled the older men to exercise at the same absolute intensity, most likely because of training induced changes in left-ventricular performance and oxygen extraction. The addition of an exogenous heat source did not alter the Q̇(c) response in either group of men; however, a higher HR (P < 0.05) and smaller SV (P > 0.05) were observed in the young men during exercise in the heat. This may reflect previously reported differences in the skin blood flow response of V̇O(2peak)-matched young and older men during exercise. It is suggested that endurance trained older men can enhance left-ventricular performance to augment SV, but not sufficiently to maintain Q̇(c) in light of an attenuated HR response during exercise at intensities above 60% V̇O(2peak).