Anesthesia and analgesia in ruminants

This chapter focuses on the welfare, anesthesia, and pain management of small ruminants used in biomedical research. It provides practical advice on the assessment of pain, the administration of anesthetics and analgesics in calves, sheep, and goats in a research setting. It is not meant to be an exhaustive review of all anesthetic and analgesic protocols used in these species. More detailed information is available in general veterinary texts (e.g., Lumb and Jones Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, 2015), and specialized veterinary anesthesia texts (e.g., Farm Animal Anesthesia, 2014).