Applications of electrospraying in tissue engineering and beyond

Tissue engineering (TE) represents an exciting and quickly evolving field involving tissue repair and regeneration of damaged organs. The advent of electrospray (E-spray) technology provides an opportunity for the continuous synthesis of polymeric scaffolds. Herein, the recent advances in electrosprayed nano-/microparticles and microspheres as a suitable scaffolding material for TE are highlighted. The advantageous features of electrosprayed nanomaterials are outlined, comprising the control of size, size distribution, and morphology, all of which contribute to E-spray becoming a recognized technique for TE. Further advancement in E-spray manufacturing technology is discussed, including emulsion and bioelectrospraying. In addition, E-spray is rapidly evolving as a robust technology for the fabrication of polymeric nanoparticles and microparticles encapsulated with bioactive signaling molecules, including growth factors, proteins, enzymes, and DNA, necessary for tissue regeneration. Here, we emphasize the potential for E-spray to optimize the payload of bioactive including proteins and nucleic acids.