Assessing the impact of Indiana legislation on opioid-based doctor shopping among Medicaid-enrolled pregnant women: a regression analysis

Background: States have passed various legislative acts in an attempt to reduce opioid prescribing and corresponding doctor shopping, including prescription drug monitoring programs. This study seeks to determine the association between two state-based interventions enacted in Indiana and the level of doctor shopping among Medicaid-enrolled pregnant women. Methods: Indiana Medicaid claims data over the period of January 2014 to March 2019 were used in a regression model to determine the longitudinal change in percentage of pregnant women engaged in doctor shopping based on passage of Indiana Administrative Code Title 884 in 2014 and Public Law 194 in 2018. The primary reasons for prescribing were also identified. Results: There were 37,451 women that had both pregnancy and prescription opioid claims over the time horizon. Of these, 2130 women met the criteria for doctor shopping. Doctor shopping continued to increase over the time between the passage of the two interventions but decreased after passage of Public Law 194. Conclusion: The decrease in doctor shopping among Medicaid-enrolled pregnant women after passage of Public Law 194 points to the importance of addressing this issue across a broad set of healthcare professionals including nurse practitioners and physician assistants. It is also possible that the potential punitive component in the Law for non-compliance played a role.