TY - JOUR
T1 - Avian influenza virus in water
T2 - Infectivity is dependent on pH, salinity and temperature
AU - Brown, Justin D.
AU - Goekjian, Ginger
AU - Poulson, Rebecca
AU - Valeika, Steve
AU - Stallknecht, David E.
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank the faculty and staff of the SCWDS for technical assistance. Funding for this work was provided through Cooperative Agreement 1U19Cl0004501 with the Centers for Disease Control, the Morris Animal Foundation fellowship training grant (#D06ZO-409), specific Cooperative Agreement #58-6612-2-0220 between the Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory and the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, and through the continued sponsorship of SCWDS member state and federal agencies. The funding agencies did not have any involvement in the study design, implementation, or publishing of this study and the research presented herein represents the opinions of the authors, but not necessarily the opinions of the funding agencies.
PY - 2009/4/14
Y1 - 2009/4/14
N2 - Wild birds in the Orders Anseriformes and Charadriiformes are the natural reservoir for avian influenza (AI) viruses. Transmission within these aquatic bird populations occurs through an indirect fecal-oral route involving contaminated water on shared aquatic habitats. In order to better understand the influence that aquatic environments exert on AI transmission and maintenance in the wild-bird reservoir system, we determined the duration of persistence for 12 wild-bird origin AI viruses under natural ranges of pH, salinity, and temperature. Viral persistence was measured using a laboratory-based distilled water model system. The AI viruses varied in their response to each of the examined variables, but, generally, the viruses were most stable at a slightly basic pH (7.4-8.2), low temperatures (<17 °C), and fresh to brackish salinities (0-20,000 parts per million (ppm)). Alternatively, the AI viruses had a much shorter duration of persistence in acidic conditions (pH < 6.6), warmer temperatures (>32 °C), and high salinity (>25,000 ppm). The results of this research suggest that the pH, temperature, and salinity in natural aquatic habitats can influence the ability of AI viruses to remain infective within these environments. Furthermore, these results provide insight into chemical and physical properties of water that could enhance or restrict AI virus transmission on an aquatic bird habitat.
AB - Wild birds in the Orders Anseriformes and Charadriiformes are the natural reservoir for avian influenza (AI) viruses. Transmission within these aquatic bird populations occurs through an indirect fecal-oral route involving contaminated water on shared aquatic habitats. In order to better understand the influence that aquatic environments exert on AI transmission and maintenance in the wild-bird reservoir system, we determined the duration of persistence for 12 wild-bird origin AI viruses under natural ranges of pH, salinity, and temperature. Viral persistence was measured using a laboratory-based distilled water model system. The AI viruses varied in their response to each of the examined variables, but, generally, the viruses were most stable at a slightly basic pH (7.4-8.2), low temperatures (<17 °C), and fresh to brackish salinities (0-20,000 parts per million (ppm)). Alternatively, the AI viruses had a much shorter duration of persistence in acidic conditions (pH < 6.6), warmer temperatures (>32 °C), and high salinity (>25,000 ppm). The results of this research suggest that the pH, temperature, and salinity in natural aquatic habitats can influence the ability of AI viruses to remain infective within these environments. Furthermore, these results provide insight into chemical and physical properties of water that could enhance or restrict AI virus transmission on an aquatic bird habitat.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.10.027
DO - 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.10.027
M3 - Article
C2 - 19081209
AN - SCOPUS:62749163023
SN - 0378-1135
VL - 136
SP - 20
EP - 26
JO - Veterinary Microbiology
JF - Veterinary Microbiology
IS - 1-2
ER -