TY - JOUR
T1 - Behavioral inhibition of the house fly (Diptera
T2 - Muscidae) when exposed to commercial equine fly repellents
AU - Tuorinsky, Elizabeth V.
AU - Machtinger, Erika T.
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank Jessica Brown and Alexandra Pagac for their help with fly counts. In addition, we thank Hannah Greenberg, Karen Poh, and Chris Geden for their review of early drafts of this manuscript, and Nick Sloff at Penn State for his assistance with imagery. We thank Greg Martin for his assistance with farm identification for fly collection and Maria Wojakowski for her extensive help with statistics. This work was funded in part by the U.S. Poultry and Egg Association under award no. 196040 and the USDA National Institute of Food and Animal Health Appropriations under Project No. PEN04635 and Accession No. 1014569.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America.
PY - 2020/2/8
Y1 - 2020/2/8
N2 - House flies can have negative consequences on the welfare of horses and other equids. Fly repellents in the form of on-animal sprays, wipes, or spot-ons are the most commonly used fly control method for horses. Many products are available, but repellent efficacy and duration of effectiveness may influence repellent choice by horse owners. A better understanding of the efficacy of common fly repellent products will help guide repellent selection to reduce fly pressure on horses. To evaluate commercially available repellents, house fly behavioral inhibition after application of three products marketed as natural (Ecovet, Equiderma, and Outsmart) and four with synthetic pyrethroids as active ingredients (Bronco, Endure, UltraShield, and Optiforce) was compared at 100, 50, and 25% concentration and at 15, 30, 60, 240, 1,440, and 2,880 min. Time and product were significant at all tested concentrations. The natural products performed as well as or better than the synthetic products at all dilutions and times. Ecovet in particular retained over 75% inhibition of flies for >1 d at the 100 and 50% concentrations. Differences were seen among products with pyrethroids, suggesting that formulation differences significantly affect efficacy. Cost and application suggestions are discussed, and these results will aid horse owners in selecting fly repellents to meet their individual needs.
AB - House flies can have negative consequences on the welfare of horses and other equids. Fly repellents in the form of on-animal sprays, wipes, or spot-ons are the most commonly used fly control method for horses. Many products are available, but repellent efficacy and duration of effectiveness may influence repellent choice by horse owners. A better understanding of the efficacy of common fly repellent products will help guide repellent selection to reduce fly pressure on horses. To evaluate commercially available repellents, house fly behavioral inhibition after application of three products marketed as natural (Ecovet, Equiderma, and Outsmart) and four with synthetic pyrethroids as active ingredients (Bronco, Endure, UltraShield, and Optiforce) was compared at 100, 50, and 25% concentration and at 15, 30, 60, 240, 1,440, and 2,880 min. Time and product were significant at all tested concentrations. The natural products performed as well as or better than the synthetic products at all dilutions and times. Ecovet in particular retained over 75% inhibition of flies for >1 d at the 100 and 50% concentrations. Differences were seen among products with pyrethroids, suggesting that formulation differences significantly affect efficacy. Cost and application suggestions are discussed, and these results will aid horse owners in selecting fly repellents to meet their individual needs.
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U2 - 10.1093/jee/toz243
DO - 10.1093/jee/toz243
M3 - Article
C2 - 31560398
AN - SCOPUS:85079085636
SN - 0022-0493
VL - 113
SP - 518
EP - 526
JO - Journal of economic entomology
JF - Journal of economic entomology
IS - 1
ER -