Bioreplication for optical applications

Evolving from the oblique-angle deposition method used industrially for the deposition of thin films, the conformal-evaporated-film-by-rotation (CEFR) technique has been successfully applied to replicate surfaces of biologic origin. The CEFR technique is the first step of the Nano4Bio technique, an industrially scalable bioreplication process, the other three steps being electroforming, plasma ashing, and either stamping or casting. These techniques have found optical applications in diverse fields, including forensic science, pest control, and light sources.