Bottleneck and selection in the germline and maternal age influence transmission of mitochondrial DNA in human pedigrees

Arslan A. Zaidi, Peter R. Wilton, Marcia Shu Wei Su, Ian M. Paul, Barbara Arbeithuber, Kate Anthony, Anton Nekrutenko, Rasmus Nielsen, Kateryna D. Makova

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

61 Scopus citations

Abstract

Heteroplasmy—the presence of multiple mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes in an individual—can lead to numerous mitochondrial diseases. The presentation of such diseases depends on the frequency of the heteroplasmic variant in tissues, which, in turn, depends on the dynamics of mtDNA transmissions during germline and somatic development. Thus, understanding and predicting these dynamics between generations and within individuals is medically relevant. Here, we study patterns of heteroplasmy in 2 tissues from each of 345 humans in 96 multigenerational families, each with, at least, 2 siblings (a total of 249 mother–child transmissions). This experimental design has allowed us to estimate the timing of mtDNA mutations, drift, and selection with unprecedented precision. Our results are remarkably concordant between 2 complementary population-genetic approaches. We find evidence for a severe germline bottleneck (7–10 mtDNA segregating units) that occurs independently in different oocyte lineages from the same mother, while somatic bottlenecks are less severe. We demonstrate that divergence between mother and offspring increases with the mother’s age at childbirth, likely due to continued drift of heteroplasmy frequencies in oocytes under meiotic arrest. We show that this period is also accompanied by mutation accumulation leading to more de novo mutations in children born to older mothers. We show that heteroplasmic variants at intermediate frequencies can segregate for many generations in the human population, despite the strong germline bottleneck. We show that selection acts during germline development to keep the frequency of putatively deleterious variants from rising. Our findings have important applications for clinical genetics and genetic counseling.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)25172-25178
Number of pages7
JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Volume116
Issue number50
DOIs
StatePublished - Dec 10 2019

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

  • General

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