Brucellosis in Tanzania and Rwanda: Current status, challenges, and control strategies

Brucellosis remains a significant but inadequately addressed zoonotic disease in Tanzania and Rwanda, exemplifying the complex challenges faced by low- and middle-income countries in controlling neglected zoonoses. This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of brucellosis in these East African nations, examining its epidemiology, economic impact, and control challenges through a One Health lens. In Tanzania, cattle seroprevalence ranges from 1% to 30%, while in Rwanda, it varies between 1.7% and 19%, with significant knowledge gaps in both countries hampering effective surveillance and control efforts. The economic burden is substantial but poorly quantified, affecting livestock productivity through reduced milk yield, high abortion rates, and decreased fertility, while also impacting human health and limiting international trade opportunities. Risk factors identified include limited community awareness, diverse livestock management practices, wildlife-livestock interfaces, and cross-border movements. Cultural practices and gender roles significantly influence disease transmission, with women being particularly vulnerable due to their traditional responsibilities in livestock management. Current control strategies, including vaccination and test-and-slaughter programs, face considerable implementation challenges due to resource constraints, cultural barriers, and limited surveillance systems. The chapter emphasizes the need for context-specific interventions that acknowledge local cultural practices while promoting evidence-based disease control measures. It concludes by advocating for increased research funding, enhanced surveillance systems, and stronger regional cooperation to address this significant public health challenge through a comprehensive One Health approach.