Building resilient urban water systems: emerging opportunities for solving long-lasting challenges

In this perspective paper, we analyse the challenges and opportunities of hydrology in the urban context and propose solutions for innovation and sustainability by leveraging advancements across technology, society, and governance for resilient cities. Technological breakthroughs, such as smart sensors and artificial intelligence, can enhance the efficiency and resilience of real-time water monitoring and predictions. Public awareness and community engagement can foster behavioural change and empower residents to actively participate in urban water governance through initiatives like rainwater harvesting and participatory planning. Additionally, big data and remote sensing provide cities with the insights needed for adaptive, data-driven decision-making. Together, these developments represent a paradigm shift from reactive problem-solving to proactive, integrated solutions that prioritise equity, environmental health, and urban resilience. Finally, the paper highlights the differences in progress between the Global North and the Global South and proposes research priorities for the future of urban hydrology.