Character and authentic transformational leadership behavior: Expanding the ascetic self toward others

Character, or inherent moral beliefs, intentions, and predispositions, is often considered to be a foundational element of outstanding leadership according to numerous theories of leadership and positive psychology. Yet, a framework for understanding the complex nature of character and the role it plays in determining who is able to display outstanding leadership does not fully exist. We present a framework and propositions for examining how the self-concept plays an integral role in the display of authentic transformational leadership behavior given individual and situational characteristics. We propose that leaders first create an ascetic self-construal that derives from character strengths and virtues and then project this self-image through idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration behavior. We identify and discuss 23 specific character strengths reflecting 6 universal virtues in the model (i.e., wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence), as well as suggest ways for assessing and developing behavior consistent with virtue and transformational leadership.