TY - JOUR
T1 - Characterization of implantable antennas for intracranial pressure monitoring
T2 - Reflection by and transmission through a scalp phantom
AU - Warty, Ruchi
AU - Tofighi, Mohammad Reza
AU - Kawoos, Usmah
AU - Rosen, Arye
N1 - Funding Information:
Manuscript received February 26, 2008; revised May 23, 2008. First published September 23, 2008; current version published October 8, 2008. This work was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health under Grant R21 NS050590-01.
PY - 2008/10
Y1 - 2008/10
N2 - Characterization of implantable planar inverted-F antennas, designed for intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring at 2.45 GHz, is presented. A setup, incorporating a scalp phantom emulating the implant environment and an absorbing chamber, was implemented for characterizing the antennas, in terms of their reflection coefficient (S11), resonance frequency (fr), and transmission coefficient through the phantom (S21), and is reported for the first time. As a result of our observations that even a very slight change of the biocompatible (silicone) thickness can drastically change the characteristics of such antennas, several antenna prototypes with various silicone thicknesses were tested for a better understanding of the change in their performance with thickness. The main contributions of this paper rest in the evaluation of the antenna characteristics with respect to time, temperature, and far-field radiation, in an emulated biological environment. In this regard, the impact of the coating thickness on fr, drift of fr, S11, and S21 over time, and the effective radiated power (ERP) from the transmission (S21) measurements were evaluated through careful measurements. A decrease in S11 of 1.2-2.3 dB and an increase in S21 of 2.2-2.4 dB, over a period of two days, were observed at 2.45 GHz. A decrease of 8-18 MHz for fr was also observed over the same period of time. This drift was due to the absorption of saline by the silicone, leading to a change in its effective dielectric property. An fr increase of approximately 14.5 MHz was also observed by raising the temperature from 20°C to 37°C, mainly because of the negative temperature coefficient of the phantom permittivity. Transmission measurements performed using both S21 and the received power measurement (for an ICP device mimic) yielded a maximum ERP of approximately 2 mW per 1 W of power delivered to the antennas at 2.45 GHz.
AB - Characterization of implantable planar inverted-F antennas, designed for intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring at 2.45 GHz, is presented. A setup, incorporating a scalp phantom emulating the implant environment and an absorbing chamber, was implemented for characterizing the antennas, in terms of their reflection coefficient (S11), resonance frequency (fr), and transmission coefficient through the phantom (S21), and is reported for the first time. As a result of our observations that even a very slight change of the biocompatible (silicone) thickness can drastically change the characteristics of such antennas, several antenna prototypes with various silicone thicknesses were tested for a better understanding of the change in their performance with thickness. The main contributions of this paper rest in the evaluation of the antenna characteristics with respect to time, temperature, and far-field radiation, in an emulated biological environment. In this regard, the impact of the coating thickness on fr, drift of fr, S11, and S21 over time, and the effective radiated power (ERP) from the transmission (S21) measurements were evaluated through careful measurements. A decrease in S11 of 1.2-2.3 dB and an increase in S21 of 2.2-2.4 dB, over a period of two days, were observed at 2.45 GHz. A decrease of 8-18 MHz for fr was also observed over the same period of time. This drift was due to the absorption of saline by the silicone, leading to a change in its effective dielectric property. An fr increase of approximately 14.5 MHz was also observed by raising the temperature from 20°C to 37°C, mainly because of the negative temperature coefficient of the phantom permittivity. Transmission measurements performed using both S21 and the received power measurement (for an ICP device mimic) yielded a maximum ERP of approximately 2 mW per 1 W of power delivered to the antennas at 2.45 GHz.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=54049113366&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=54049113366&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1109/TMTT.2008.2004254
DO - 10.1109/TMTT.2008.2004254
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:54049113366
SN - 0018-9480
VL - 56
SP - 2366
EP - 2376
JO - IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
JF - IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
IS - 10
M1 - 4631476
ER -