Current Trends in Total Ankle Replacement

Ankle arthritis can result in significant pain and restriction in range of motion. Total ankle replacement (TAR) is a motion-preserving surgical option used as an alternative to total ankle arthrodesis to treat end-stage ankle arthritis. There are several generations of TAR techniques based on component design, implant material, and surgical technique. With more recent TAR implants, an attempt is made to minimize bone resection and mirror the native anato-my. There are more than 20 implant devices currently available. Implant survivorship varies among prosthesis types and gener-ations, with improved outcomes reported with use of the more recent third-and fourth-generation ankle implants. Pre-and postoperative assessments of TAR are primarily performed by using weight-bearing radiography, with weight-bearing CT emerging as an additional imaging tool. Preoperative assessments include those of the tibiotalar angle, offset, and adjacent areas of arthritis requiring additional surgical procedures. US, nuclear medicine studies, and MRI can be used to troubleshoot complications. Effective radiologic assessment requires an understanding of the component design and corresponding normal perioperative imaging features of ankle implants, as well as rec-ognition of common and device-specific complications. General complications seen at radiography include aseptic loosening, osteolysis, hardware subsidence, periprosthetic fracture, in-fection, gutter impingement, heterotopic ossification, and syndesmotic nonunion. The authors review several recent generations of TAR implants commonly used in the United States, normal pre-and postoperative imaging assessment, and imaging complications of TAR. Indications for advanced imaging of TAR are also reviewed.