TY - JOUR
T1 - Deep tissue photoacoustic imaging using a miniaturized 2-D capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer array
AU - Kothapalli, Sri Rajasekhar
AU - Ma, Te Jen
AU - Vaithilingam, Srikant
AU - Oralkan, Ömer
AU - Khuri-Yakub, Butrus T.
AU - Gambhir, Sanjiv Sam
N1 - Funding Information:
Dr. Kothapalli would like to thank Hamalainen Pelican Postdoctoral Fellowship from The Sir Peter and Lady Michael Foundation. National Semiconductor provided the fabrication of the ICs. CMUT fabrication is done at the Stanford Nanofabrica-tion Facility (Stanford, CA), which is a member of National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network.
Funding Information:
Manuscript received August 26, 2011; revised December 13, 2011; accepted December 29, 2011. Date of publication January 11, 2012; date of current version April 20, 2012. This work was supported in part by the Canary Foundation, and in part by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center under Grant P50 CA114747 (SSG), and NCI Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence and Translation under Grant U54CA151459. The ICs and 2-D capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) arrays were made using NIH grants CA 99059 and CA 134720 (Khuri-Yakub). Canon, Inc., also partially supported photoacoustic imaging with CMUTS. S.-R. Kothapalli and T.-J. Ma equally contributed to this paper. Asterisk indicates corresponding author.
PY - 2012/5
Y1 - 2012/5
N2 - In this paper, we demonstrate 3-D photoacoustic imaging (PAI) of light absorbing objects embedded as deep as 5 cm inside strong optically scattering phantoms using a miniaturized (4 mm × 4 mm × 500 m), 2-D capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array of 16 × 16 elements with a center frequency of 5.5 MHz. Two-dimensional tomographic images and 3-D volumetric images of the objects placed at different depths are presented. In addition, we studied the sensitivity of CMUT-based PAI to the concentration of indocyanine green dye at 5 cm depth inside the phantom. Under optimized experimental conditions, the objects at 5 cm depth can be imaged with SNR of about 35 dB and a spatial resolution of approximately 500 μm. Results demonstrate that CMUTs with integrated front-end amplifier circuits are an attractive choice for achieving relatively high depth sensitivity for PAI.
AB - In this paper, we demonstrate 3-D photoacoustic imaging (PAI) of light absorbing objects embedded as deep as 5 cm inside strong optically scattering phantoms using a miniaturized (4 mm × 4 mm × 500 m), 2-D capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array of 16 × 16 elements with a center frequency of 5.5 MHz. Two-dimensional tomographic images and 3-D volumetric images of the objects placed at different depths are presented. In addition, we studied the sensitivity of CMUT-based PAI to the concentration of indocyanine green dye at 5 cm depth inside the phantom. Under optimized experimental conditions, the objects at 5 cm depth can be imaged with SNR of about 35 dB and a spatial resolution of approximately 500 μm. Results demonstrate that CMUTs with integrated front-end amplifier circuits are an attractive choice for achieving relatively high depth sensitivity for PAI.
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U2 - 10.1109/TBME.2012.2183593
DO - 10.1109/TBME.2012.2183593
M3 - Article
C2 - 22249594
AN - SCOPUS:84860375827
SN - 0018-9294
VL - 59
SP - 1199
EP - 1204
JO - IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
JF - IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
IS - 5
M1 - 6129397
ER -