Development and validation of GypsEX: a knowledge-based system for aerial application of pesticides against gypsy moth

GypsEX provides knowledge-based decision support for two aspects of aerial application of pesticides against gypsy moth: calibration and spray timing. Calibration provides advice on setting up an aircraft's spray system for a desired flowrate of pesticide. Spray timing determines the optimal date for aerial application of Bacillus thuringiensis based on weather forecasts, simulated gypsy moth-host tree phenology, and expert heuristics. Knowledge diagrams for the heuristics of each module were developed from interviews with experts and technical references, then converted into computer code with a frame-based expert system shell. Prototype versions of the system were used for further knowledge elicitation both in the office and under field conditions. The Calibration module of GypsEX was validated in the field through comparison of its advice and logic with that of three experts on the calibration of aerial application systems. Future refinements and the incorporation of GypsEX into a decision support system for several aspects of gypsy moth management are discussed.