Development and validation of the eight item contrast avoidance questionnaire-general emotion scale (CAQ-GE-8): An item-response theory analysis

Goal: We developed and validated an 8-item version of the 25-item Contrast Avoidance Questionnaire-General Emotion (CAQ-GE) scale, named the CAQ-GE-8. Method: Using unselected university undergraduates (N = 8432), we conducted item-response theory (IRT) analyses with a confirmatory graded response model. We then examined the ability of the CAQ-GE-8 to predict probable generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). With two other student samples, we examined the scale’s convergent/discriminant validity (N = 410) as well as retest reliability (N = 124). Results: The CAQ-GE-8 contained the same 2 factors as the CAQ-GE (F1: Create and Sustain Negative Emotions to Avoid Negative Contrasts [SNE], 5 items; and F2: Discomfort with Emotional Shifts [DES], 3 items). Both factors demonstrated strong internal consistency. The brief scale predicted probable GAD using a cut-point score of ≥ 15 (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC]:.794), and probable MDD using a cut-point score of ≥ 13 (AUC:.782). The CAQ-GE-8 and its two subscales also demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity, and good to excellent retest reliability over 1 week (r = .737–.879). Conclusion: These findings support the use of the CAQ-GE-8, both in research and in treatment, to assess the construct of contrast avoidance.