TY - JOUR
T1 - Development of an in Vitro Model to Study Carcinogen-induced Neoplastic Progression of Initiated Mouse Epidermal Cells
AU - Morgan, David
AU - Welty, David
AU - Glick, Adam
AU - Greenhalgh, David
AU - Hennings, Henry
AU - Yuspa, Stuart H.
PY - 1992/6
Y1 - 1992/6
N2 - Initiation and promotion in mouse skin carcinogenesis produce multiple benign tumors, squamous papillomas, but only a few squamous cell carcinomas. The spontaneous conversion from the benign to the malignant phenotype occurs over many months and in stages, but induced malignant conversion can be accomplished more rapidly by exposure of papilloma-bearing mice to mutagens or by transfection of papilloma cell lines with specific oncogenes. The analysis of genetic targets responsible for carcinogen-induced neoplastic progression would be facilitated by the development of in vitro models where the process is rapid, focal, and quantitative. To this end, primary newborn mouse keratinocytes were initiated in vitro by the introduction of the v-rasHa oncogene via a defective retrovirus. Recipient cells produce squamous papillomas and have a high proliferation rate in culture medium with 0.05 mM Ca2+, but fail to grow in medium with 0.5 mM Ca2+ which is permissive for growth of malignant keratinocytes. When v-rasHa-keratinocytes were exposed to mutagens in vitro, proliferative foci emerged after culture in 0.5 mM Ca2+ for 4 weeks. These foci stained intensely red with rhodamine stain, could be easily quantitated, and readily incorporated bromodeoxyuridine. Dose-response studies with several mutagens indicated that the number of foci increased with concentration to the point where excessive cytotoxicity developed. Mutagens varied in potency for producing foci in the following order: cis-diamminedichloroplatinum > benzo(a)pyrene diolexpoxide I > Nmethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine > 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide > N-acetoxy-acetyl-aminofluorene. The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate was inactive in the assay. A subset of cell lines derived from foci produced malignant tumors in vivo, while others were not tumorigenic. Analysis of DNA from cell lines and tumors revealed that most tumorigenic cell lines maintained the v-ros”* genome, whereas the viral sequences were deleted in nontumorigenic cell lines. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that proliferative foci and quiescent v-rasHa keratinocytes expressed keratin 8, a marker of v-rasHa expression in cultured keratinocytes. Cells in foci, but not v-rasHa control cells, expressed keratin 13, a marker which is strongly associated with the malignant progression of skin tumors in vivo. This in vitro assay provides a quantitative model to study chemically induced focal neoplastic progression at the cellular level and to identify agents which may be selective for enhancing malignant conversion.
AB - Initiation and promotion in mouse skin carcinogenesis produce multiple benign tumors, squamous papillomas, but only a few squamous cell carcinomas. The spontaneous conversion from the benign to the malignant phenotype occurs over many months and in stages, but induced malignant conversion can be accomplished more rapidly by exposure of papilloma-bearing mice to mutagens or by transfection of papilloma cell lines with specific oncogenes. The analysis of genetic targets responsible for carcinogen-induced neoplastic progression would be facilitated by the development of in vitro models where the process is rapid, focal, and quantitative. To this end, primary newborn mouse keratinocytes were initiated in vitro by the introduction of the v-rasHa oncogene via a defective retrovirus. Recipient cells produce squamous papillomas and have a high proliferation rate in culture medium with 0.05 mM Ca2+, but fail to grow in medium with 0.5 mM Ca2+ which is permissive for growth of malignant keratinocytes. When v-rasHa-keratinocytes were exposed to mutagens in vitro, proliferative foci emerged after culture in 0.5 mM Ca2+ for 4 weeks. These foci stained intensely red with rhodamine stain, could be easily quantitated, and readily incorporated bromodeoxyuridine. Dose-response studies with several mutagens indicated that the number of foci increased with concentration to the point where excessive cytotoxicity developed. Mutagens varied in potency for producing foci in the following order: cis-diamminedichloroplatinum > benzo(a)pyrene diolexpoxide I > Nmethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine > 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide > N-acetoxy-acetyl-aminofluorene. The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate was inactive in the assay. A subset of cell lines derived from foci produced malignant tumors in vivo, while others were not tumorigenic. Analysis of DNA from cell lines and tumors revealed that most tumorigenic cell lines maintained the v-ros”* genome, whereas the viral sequences were deleted in nontumorigenic cell lines. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that proliferative foci and quiescent v-rasHa keratinocytes expressed keratin 8, a marker of v-rasHa expression in cultured keratinocytes. Cells in foci, but not v-rasHa control cells, expressed keratin 13, a marker which is strongly associated with the malignant progression of skin tumors in vivo. This in vitro assay provides a quantitative model to study chemically induced focal neoplastic progression at the cellular level and to identify agents which may be selective for enhancing malignant conversion.
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M3 - Article
C2 - 1375535
AN - SCOPUS:0026716304
SN - 0008-5472
VL - 52
SP - 3145
EP - 3156
JO - Cancer Research
JF - Cancer Research
IS - 11
ER -