@article{a120e97bbc8a421fb6618d9ada6d1cf4,
title = "Developmental trajectories of behavioral inhibition from infancy to age seven: The role of genetic and environmental risk for psychopathology",
abstract = "The present study leveraged data from a longitudinal adoption study of 361 families recruited between 2003 and 2010 in the United States. We investigated how psychopathology symptoms in birth parents (BP; Mage = 24.1 years; 50.5–62.9% completed high school) and adoptive parents (AP; Mage = 37.8 years; 80.9% completed college; 94% mother–father couples) influenced children's behavioral inhibition (BI) trajectories. We used latent growth models of observed BI at 18 and 27 months, and 4.5 and 7 years in a sample of adopted children (Female = 42%, White = 57%, Black = 11%, Multi-racial = 21%, Latinx = 9%). BI generally decreased over time, yet there was substantial variability in these trajectories. Neither BP nor AP psychopathology symptoms independently predicted systematic differences in BI trajectories. Instead, we found that AP internalizing symptoms moderated the effects of BP psychopathology on trajectories of BI, indicating a gene by environment interaction.",
author = "Berenice Anaya and Neiderhiser, {Jenae M.} and Koraly P{\'e}rez-Edgar and Leve, {Leslie D.} and Ganiban, {Jody M.} and David Reiss and Natsuaki, {Misaki N.} and Shaw, {Daniel S.}",
note = "Funding Information: The Early Growth and Development Study was supported by grant R01 HD042608 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), and the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR), NIH, U.S. PHS (PI Years 1–5: David Reiss, M.D.; PI Years 6–10: Leslie Leve, Ph.D.), grant R01DA020585 from NIDA, the National Institute on Mental Health (NIMH), the OBSSR, NIH, U.S. PHS (PI: Jenae Neiderhiser, Ph.D.), grant R01 MH092118 from NIMH (PIs: Jenae Neiderhiser, Ph.D. and Leslie Leve, Ph.D.), grant R01 DA045108 from NIDA (PI: Jenae Neiderhiser), and grant UH3 OD023389 from the Office of the Director, NIH, U.S., PHS (MPIs: Leslie Leve, Ph.D., Jenae Neiderhiser, Ph.D., and Jody Ganiban, Ph.D.). This research was also supported by grant F99NS120411 from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS; PI: Berenice Anaya) and grant R01 MH094633 from NIMH (PI: Koraly P{\'e}rez‐Edgar). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. We thank the birth and adoptive families who participated in this study and adoption agencies who helped with the recruitment of study participants. The data and materials necessary to reproduce the analyses presented here may be shared upon request. The analytic code is available from the first author. Analyses were not preregistered. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 The Authors. Child Development published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Research in Child Development.",
year = "2023",
month = jul,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1111/cdev.13924",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "94",
pages = "e231--e245",
journal = "Child development",
issn = "0009-3920",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",
number = "4",
}