Differences in ¹⁴C age between stratigraphically associated charcoal and marine shell from the Archaic Period site of Kilometer 4, southern Peru: Old wood or old water?

Consistently large differences occur in the calibrated ¹⁴C ages of stratigraphically associated shell and charcoal samples from Kilometer 4, an Archaic Period archaeological site located on the extreme south coast of Peru. A series of nine shell and charcoal samples were collected from a Late Archaic Period (∼6000-4000 BP) sector of the site. After calibration, the intercepts of the charcoal dates were ∼100-750 years older than the paired shell samples. Due to the hyper-arid conditions in this region that promote long-term preservation of organic material, we argue that the older charcoal dates are best explained by people using old wood for fuel during the Middle Holocene. Given this "old wood" problem, marine shell may actually be preferable to wood charcoal for dating archaeological sites in coastal desert environments as in southern Peru and Northern Chile.