TY - JOUR
T1 - Disparities in plain, tap and bottled water consumption among US adults
T2 - National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2014
AU - Rosinger, Asher Y.
AU - Herrick, Kirsten A.
AU - Wutich, Amber Y.
AU - Yoder, Jonathan S.
AU - Ogden, Cynthia L.
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgements: The authors thank Dr Lara Akinbami for her helpful discussion of this work, and Dr Ryne Paulose and Dr Amy Branum for their helpful comments and suggestions on previous versions of this paper. Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Financial support: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. Conflict of interest: A.Y.R. declares no conflicts of interest. K.A.H. declares no conflicts of interest. A.Y.W.’s work was supported by the National Science Foundation under grant number SES-1462086, DMUU: DCDC III: Transformational Solutions for Urban Water Sustainability Transitions in the Colorado River Basin. This funding source did not have any role in the study design, data, writing of the report or decision to submit it for publication. J.S.Y. declares no conflicts of interest. C.L.O. declares no conflicts of interest. Authorship: A.Y.R. drafted the manuscript; A.Y.R. and K.A.H. analysed the data; A.Y.R. and C.L.O. designed the research; and all authors edited and revised the manuscript, had responsibility for the final content of the manuscript, and read and approved the final manuscript. Ethics of human subject participation: This study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and all procedures involving human subjects/patients were approved by the NCHS Research Ethics Review Board. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 The Authors.
PY - 2018/6/1
Y1 - 2018/6/1
N2 - Objective Differences in bottled v. tap water intake may provide insights into health disparities, like risk of dental caries and inadequate hydration. We examined differences in plain, tap and bottled water consumption among US adults by sociodemographic characteristics.Design Cross-sectional analysis. We used 24 h dietary recall data to test differences in percentage consuming the water sources and mean intake between groups using Wald tests and multiple logistic and linear regression models.Setting National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007-2014.Subjects A nationally representative sample of 20 676 adults aged ≥20 years.Results In 2011-2014, 81·4 (se 0·6) % of adults drank plain water (sum of tap and bottled), 55·2 (se 1·4) % drank tap water and 33·4 (se 1·4) % drank bottled water on a given day. Adjusting for covariates, non-Hispanic (NH) Black and Hispanic adults had 0·44 (95 % CI 0·37, 0·53) and 0·55 (95 % CI 0·45, 0·66) times the odds of consuming tap water, and consumed B=-330 (se 45) ml and B=-180 (se 45) ml less tap water than NH White adults, respectively. NH Black, Hispanic and adults born outside the fifty US states or Washington, DC had 2·20 (95 % CI 1·79, 2·69), 2·37 (95 % CI 1·91, 2·94) and 1·46 (95 % CI 1·19, 1·79) times the odds of consuming bottled water than their NH White and US-born counterparts. In 2007-2010, water filtration was associated with higher odds of drinking plain and tap water.Conclusions While most US adults consumed plain water, the source (i.e. tap or bottled) and amount differed by race/Hispanic origin, nativity status and education. Water filters may increase tap water consumption.
AB - Objective Differences in bottled v. tap water intake may provide insights into health disparities, like risk of dental caries and inadequate hydration. We examined differences in plain, tap and bottled water consumption among US adults by sociodemographic characteristics.Design Cross-sectional analysis. We used 24 h dietary recall data to test differences in percentage consuming the water sources and mean intake between groups using Wald tests and multiple logistic and linear regression models.Setting National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007-2014.Subjects A nationally representative sample of 20 676 adults aged ≥20 years.Results In 2011-2014, 81·4 (se 0·6) % of adults drank plain water (sum of tap and bottled), 55·2 (se 1·4) % drank tap water and 33·4 (se 1·4) % drank bottled water on a given day. Adjusting for covariates, non-Hispanic (NH) Black and Hispanic adults had 0·44 (95 % CI 0·37, 0·53) and 0·55 (95 % CI 0·45, 0·66) times the odds of consuming tap water, and consumed B=-330 (se 45) ml and B=-180 (se 45) ml less tap water than NH White adults, respectively. NH Black, Hispanic and adults born outside the fifty US states or Washington, DC had 2·20 (95 % CI 1·79, 2·69), 2·37 (95 % CI 1·91, 2·94) and 1·46 (95 % CI 1·19, 1·79) times the odds of consuming bottled water than their NH White and US-born counterparts. In 2007-2010, water filtration was associated with higher odds of drinking plain and tap water.Conclusions While most US adults consumed plain water, the source (i.e. tap or bottled) and amount differed by race/Hispanic origin, nativity status and education. Water filters may increase tap water consumption.
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U2 - 10.1017/S1368980017004050
DO - 10.1017/S1368980017004050
M3 - Article
C2 - 29388529
AN - SCOPUS:85047181672
SN - 1368-9800
VL - 21
SP - 1455
EP - 1464
JO - Public Health Nutrition
JF - Public Health Nutrition
IS - 8
ER -
