Dopamine Receptor Expression and the Pathogenesis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: a Scoping Review of the Literature

Purpose of Review: CNS stimulants have been the treatment of choice among children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ages 6 and older, but their effectiveness and tolerability are major concerns. There is an unmet need for dopamine receptor-specific pharmacotherapy to improve the effectiveness and tolerability. Here, we conducted a scoping review of the literature to evaluate the current understanding of specific receptors and how they may relate to various phenotypes and behaviors in ADHD. Recent Findings: ADHD is the most common pediatric neurobehavioral disorder and is associated with significant impairment and long-term negative outcomes. The pathophysiology of ADHD is related to dopamine (DA) and dopamine receptor (DAR) dysregulation in the brain. There is growing evidence that specific dopamine receptor subtypes are associated with specific symptoms and behaviors associated with ADHD, such as motor and attention dysfunction. Summary: This study provides a scoping review of the up-to-date knowledge on specific DAR subtypes and how they may be implicated in the pathophysiology and or symptoms of ADHD. Knowledge of DAR and how they relate to the underlying disease process of ADHD may aid in developing targeted treatment options for ADHD with improved efficacy and tolerability.