Droidmarking: Resilient software watermarking for impeding Android application repackaging

Software plagiarism in Android markets (app repackaging) is raising serious concerns about the health of the Android ecosystem. Existing app repackaging detection techniques fall short in detection efficiency and in resilience to circumventing attacks; this allows repackaged apps to be widely propagated and causes extensive damages before being detected. To overcome these difficulties and instantly thwart app repackaging threats, we devise a new dynamic software watermarking technique - Droidmarking - for Android apps that combines the efforts of all stakeholders and achieves the following three goals: (1) copyright ownership assertion for developers, (2) real-time app repackaging detection on user devices, and (3) resilience to evading attacks. Distinct from existing watermarking techniques, the watermarks in Droidmarking are non-stealthy, which means that watermark locations are not intentionally concealed, yet still are impervious to evading attacks. This property effectively enables normal users to recover and verify watermark copyright information without requiring a confidential watermark recognizer. Droidmarking is based on a primitive called self-decrypting code (SDC). Our evaluations show that Droidmarking is a feasible and robust technique to effectively impede app repackaging with relatively small performance overhead.