Dynamical Modeling of Battery Life-Cycle Ecosystem

The growing popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) results to an enormous number of Li-ion battery packs in the transportation market. However, the EV battery packs retire typically around 80% of their nominal capacity owing to the high performance and EV range standards. These retired cells still have high potential in them before really receding the energy storage market. Therefore, instead of recycling or discarding these battery packs, their usage in the second-life market, for less demanding applications such as stationary energy storage applications, promotes sustainability and reduces the battery cost for such applications. In order to ensure the efficiency of such sustainable approach, it is crucial to understand the battery ecosystem that supports this operation. However, existing literature significantly lacks a systematic understanding of such an ecosystem. In this work, we explore a dynamical modeling approach for battery life-cycle ecosystem which encompasses the coupled nature of first-life and second-life usages along with recycling. Multiple representative scenarios are simulated to show the model performance and its applicability in optimizing the control decision to meet the second-life demand and minimize wastage.