TY - CHAP
T1 - Ecology of avian influenza viruses in a changing world
AU - Vandegrift, Kurt J.
AU - Sokolow, Susanne H.
AU - Daszak, Peter
AU - Kilpatrick, A. Marm
PY - 2010/5
Y1 - 2010/5
N2 - Influenza A virus infections result in ∼500,000 human deaths per year and many more sublethal infections. Wild birds are recognized as the ancestral host of influenza A viruses, and avian viruses have contributed genetic material to most human viruses, including subtypes H5N1 and H1N1. Thus, influenza virus transmission in wild and domestic animals and humans is intimately connected. Here we review how anthropogenic change, including human population growth, land use, climate change, globalization of trade, agricultural intensification, and changes in vaccine technology may alter the evolution and transmission of influenza viruses. Evidence suggests that viral transmission in domestic poultry, spillover to other domestic animals, wild birds and humans, and the potential for subsequent pandemic spread, are all increasing. We highlight four areas in need of research: drivers of viral subtype dynamics; ecological and evolutionary determinants of transmissibility and virulence in birds and humans; the impact of changing land use and climate on hosts, viruses, and transmission; and the impact of influenza viruses on wild bird hosts, including their ability to migrate while shedding virus.
AB - Influenza A virus infections result in ∼500,000 human deaths per year and many more sublethal infections. Wild birds are recognized as the ancestral host of influenza A viruses, and avian viruses have contributed genetic material to most human viruses, including subtypes H5N1 and H1N1. Thus, influenza virus transmission in wild and domestic animals and humans is intimately connected. Here we review how anthropogenic change, including human population growth, land use, climate change, globalization of trade, agricultural intensification, and changes in vaccine technology may alter the evolution and transmission of influenza viruses. Evidence suggests that viral transmission in domestic poultry, spillover to other domestic animals, wild birds and humans, and the potential for subsequent pandemic spread, are all increasing. We highlight four areas in need of research: drivers of viral subtype dynamics; ecological and evolutionary determinants of transmissibility and virulence in birds and humans; the impact of changing land use and climate on hosts, viruses, and transmission; and the impact of influenza viruses on wild bird hosts, including their ability to migrate while shedding virus.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=77951994034&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=77951994034&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05451.x
DO - 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05451.x
M3 - Chapter
C2 - 20536820
AN - SCOPUS:77951994034
SN - 9781573317917
T3 - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
SP - 113
EP - 128
BT - The Year in Ecology and Conservation Biology 2010
PB - Blackwell Publishing Inc.
ER -