Effective soil density for propagation of small strain shear waves in saturated soil

This technical note defines an "effective soil density" that controls the velocity of small strain shear waves in saturated soil. Biot theory indicates that the ratio of effective density to saturated density will generally range from 0.75 to 1.0 and is a function of specific gravity of solids, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, and shear wave frequency. For many geotechnical applications, effective density will be equal to saturated density for low hydraulic conductivity soils (clays and silts) and may be less than saturated density for high hydraulic conductivity soils (clean sands and gravels). The findings are relevant to applications involving the propagation of small strain shear waves through saturated soil, and in particular for laboratory and field tests in which shear modulus is back-calculated from measured shear-wave velocity.