TY - JOUR
T1 - Effects of sugar-sweetened and sugar-free cocoa on endothelial function in overweight adults
AU - Njike, Valentine Yanchou
AU - Faridi, Zubaida
AU - Shuval, Kerem
AU - Dutta, Suparna
AU - Kay, Colin D.
AU - West, Sheila G.
AU - Kris-Etherton, Penny M.
AU - Katz, David L.
N1 - Funding Information:
The technical assistance of Ms. Michelle LaRovera is greatly appreciated. This study was funded by The Hershey Company and the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (Grant# U48-CCU115802 ). Products used in this study were provided by The Hershey Company.
PY - 2011/5/19
Y1 - 2011/5/19
N2 - Background: Studies of cocoa suggest an array of cardiovascular benefits; however, the effects of daily intake of sugar-free and sugar-sweetened cocoa beverages on endothelial function (EF) have yet to be established. Methods: 44 adults (BMI 25-35 kg/m2) participated in a randomized, controlled, crossover trial. Participants were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence: sugar-free cocoa beverage, sugar-sweetened cocoa beverage, and sugar-sweetened cocoa-free placebo. Treatments were administered daily for 6 weeks, with a 4-week washout period. Results: Cocoa ingestion improved EF measured as flow-mediated dilation (FMD) compared to placebo (sugar-free cocoa: change, 2.4% [95% CI, 1.5 to 3.2] vs. - 0.8% [95% CI, - 1.9 to 0.3]; difference, 3.2% [95% CI, 1.8 to 4.6]; p < 0.001 and sugar-sweetened cocoa: change, 1.5% [95% CI, 0.6 to 2.4] vs. - 0.8% [95% CI, - 1.9 to 0.3]; difference, 2.3% [95% CI, 0.9 to 3.7]; p = 0.002). The magnitude of improvement in FMD after consumption of sugar-free versus sugar-sweetened cocoa was greater, but not significantly. Other biomarkers of cardiac risk did not change appreciably from baseline. BMI remained stable throughout the study. Conclusions: Daily cocoa ingestion improves EF independently of other biomarkers of cardiac risk, and does not cause weight gain. Sugar-free preparations may further augment endothelial function.
AB - Background: Studies of cocoa suggest an array of cardiovascular benefits; however, the effects of daily intake of sugar-free and sugar-sweetened cocoa beverages on endothelial function (EF) have yet to be established. Methods: 44 adults (BMI 25-35 kg/m2) participated in a randomized, controlled, crossover trial. Participants were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence: sugar-free cocoa beverage, sugar-sweetened cocoa beverage, and sugar-sweetened cocoa-free placebo. Treatments were administered daily for 6 weeks, with a 4-week washout period. Results: Cocoa ingestion improved EF measured as flow-mediated dilation (FMD) compared to placebo (sugar-free cocoa: change, 2.4% [95% CI, 1.5 to 3.2] vs. - 0.8% [95% CI, - 1.9 to 0.3]; difference, 3.2% [95% CI, 1.8 to 4.6]; p < 0.001 and sugar-sweetened cocoa: change, 1.5% [95% CI, 0.6 to 2.4] vs. - 0.8% [95% CI, - 1.9 to 0.3]; difference, 2.3% [95% CI, 0.9 to 3.7]; p = 0.002). The magnitude of improvement in FMD after consumption of sugar-free versus sugar-sweetened cocoa was greater, but not significantly. Other biomarkers of cardiac risk did not change appreciably from baseline. BMI remained stable throughout the study. Conclusions: Daily cocoa ingestion improves EF independently of other biomarkers of cardiac risk, and does not cause weight gain. Sugar-free preparations may further augment endothelial function.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.12.010
DO - 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.12.010
M3 - Article
C2 - 20036019
AN - SCOPUS:79955940848
SN - 0167-5273
VL - 149
SP - 83
EP - 88
JO - International Journal of Cardiology
JF - International Journal of Cardiology
IS - 1
ER -