Efficient second-harmonic generation in high Q-factor asymmetric lithium niobate metasurfaces

Lithium niobate (LN) has been widely used for second-harmonic generation (SHG) from bulk crystals. Recent studies have reported improved SHG efficiency in LN micro-ring resonators and hybrid waveguiding structures, as well as in LN nanostructures supporting anapole modes and plasmon-assisted dipole resonances. Here we numerically demonstrate that high Q-factor resonances associated with symmetry-protected bound states in the continuum can lead to highly efficient frequency doubling in LN metasurfaces. Simulations show that the radiative Q-factor and on-resonance field enhancement factor observed in the metasurface are closely dependent on the asymmetric parameter α of the system. Furthermore, high Q-factor resonances boost the SH conversion process in the LN nanostructures. In particular, for a LN metasurface with a Q-factor of ∼ 8 × 10⁴, a 0.49% peak SH conversion efficiency is achieved at a pump intensity of 3.3 kW/cm². This suggests that such high Q-factor LN metasurfaces may be good candidates for practical blue–ultraviolet light sources. Our work provides insight into the possible implementation of metadevices based on nanoengineering of conventional nonlinear crystals.