Electrochemistry at and in single cells

This chapter introduces the reader to electrochemical methods for analysis of extracellular events and applications of electrodes for measurements in single cell cytoplasm and organelles. Applications include measurements of exocytosis, the process by which chemical species are released by cells, and excretion of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as well as cholesterol in cell membranes. In addition, new methods have been devised to measure the electroactive contents of single organelles both removed from cells and in living cells. A large part of the success of these methods has come from the development of new micro and nano electrodes.