Empirical refinements to boundary layer transition noise models

We have discussed two similar theoretical models for direct radiation from a transitioning boundary layer zone. The predicted radiated noise levels due to the transition process are sensitive to several factors which will require such empirical description in order to practically use the models, whether applied to flow over a wall, around a body of revolution, or over an airfoil or hydrofoil. They include: the effect of the dynamics of the spot substructures on the normal surface velocity accurate displacement thickness rise time, and spatially-dependent normal velocity measurements; and effects of adverse pressure gradient including the possibility of laminar separation prior to transition. The radiated noise component magnitude can be added to the convective and low wavenumber contribution to find the wall pressure forcing spectrum as input to the fluid-structure interaction problems of interest.