Exploring the Combinatorial Effects of Collaborative Factors Leading to Higher Degree of Co-Production

This study investigates the collaborative factors conducive to co-production in public services, utilizing Ansell and Gash's framework and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) across 18 cases from the Collaborative Governance Case Database (CGCD). It identifies incentive as a necessary condition for co-production, revealing three sufficient pathways to co-production: managed, led, and self-organized co-production. The findings advance our understanding of the specific collaborative configurations that can achieve higher degree of co-production, offering an “incentive-structure-behavior” framework and practical insights for policy makers seeking to enhance public service co-production.