Function Allocation between Human and Automation and Between Air and Ground

This chapter identifies the requirements for effective function allocation in UAS operations. Such function allocation must consider which functions should be executed by humans and which by automated agents – especially given that, unlike manned aircraft, the humans are removed to remote ground control stations. Effective function allocation must consider all the activities required to complete the UAS operations, that is, the taskwork functions. Furthermore, allocating functions between different agents then creates the need for additional teamwork functions specific to that function allocation to coordinate between agents. Key requirements include that each agent must be capable of each individual function it is allocated, and must be capable of its collective set of functions, including teamwork. Furthermore, the function allocation should consider the detailed dynamics of the UAS operations, particularly when a function allocation requires tightly coupled interactions and teamwork that will be dependent upon communication links between operator and vehicle. Finally, we note that function allocation is a key design decision that should be made deliberately: By addressing function allocation early in design, before the ground operator interface is created, key trade-offs can be considered and fundamental concerns with human–machine integration addressed.