TY - JOUR
T1 - Genetic diversity of the Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-5 locus from diverse geographic origins
AU - Putaporntip, Chaturong
AU - Udomsangpetch, Rachanee
AU - Pattanawong, Urassaya
AU - Cui, Liwang
AU - Jongwutiwes, Somchai
N1 - Funding Information:
We are grateful to all patients who donated their blood samples for this study; to Professor Hiroji Kanbara, Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan for parasite samples from Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Island and India; and to Professor Marcelo U. Ferreira, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil, for samples from Brazil. We thank Pannadhat Areekul, Rattiporn Kosuwin, Thongchai Hongsrimueng and the staff of the Bureau of Vector-Borne Disease, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand, for assistance in field work. C.P. was supported by the Thailand Research Fund ( RMU5080002 ). This research was supported by grant from the National Research Council of Thailand and the Thai Government Research Budget to S.J. and C.P. and grant from the Fogarty International Center, NIH (grant D43TW006571 ) to C.P. and L.C.
PY - 2010/5
Y1 - 2010/5
N2 - Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-5 (PvMsp-5), a potential vaccine candidate, is encoded by a two-exon single copy gene. We have conducted a comprehensive analysis of PvMsp-5 by sequencing the entire gene of four parasite populations from northwestern Thailand (n=73), southern Thailand (n=53), Indonesia (n=25) and Brazil (n=24), and five isolates from other endemic areas. Results reveal that exon I exhibits a significantly higher level of nucleotide diversity at both synonymous and nonsynonymous sites than exon II (p<0.01). Neutrality tests based on both intraspecific and interspecific nucleotide polymorphism have detected a signature of positive selection in exon I of all populations while substitutions in exon II mainly followed neutral expectation except that three residues in exon II of northwestern Thailand population appear to be positively selected using the Bayes Empirical Bayes method. Short imperfect repeats were identified in exon I at an equivalent region to its orthologue in P. knowlesi, supporting their close genetic relatedness. Significant levels of population subdivision were detected among most populations including those between northwestern and southern Thailand (p<10-5), implying absent or minimal gene flow between these populations. Importantly, evidences for intragenic recombination in PvMsp-5 were found in most populations except that from southern Thailand in which haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were exceptionally low. Results from Fu and Li's D, F and D and F tests suggested that PvMsp-5 of most P. vivax populations have been maintained by balancing selection whereas southern Thailand population could have gone through recent bottleneck events. These findings are concordant with a substantial reduction in the number of P. vivax cases in southern Thailand during the past decade, followed by a very recent population expansion. Therefore, spatio-temporal monitoring of parasite population genetics provides important implications for disease control.
AB - Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-5 (PvMsp-5), a potential vaccine candidate, is encoded by a two-exon single copy gene. We have conducted a comprehensive analysis of PvMsp-5 by sequencing the entire gene of four parasite populations from northwestern Thailand (n=73), southern Thailand (n=53), Indonesia (n=25) and Brazil (n=24), and five isolates from other endemic areas. Results reveal that exon I exhibits a significantly higher level of nucleotide diversity at both synonymous and nonsynonymous sites than exon II (p<0.01). Neutrality tests based on both intraspecific and interspecific nucleotide polymorphism have detected a signature of positive selection in exon I of all populations while substitutions in exon II mainly followed neutral expectation except that three residues in exon II of northwestern Thailand population appear to be positively selected using the Bayes Empirical Bayes method. Short imperfect repeats were identified in exon I at an equivalent region to its orthologue in P. knowlesi, supporting their close genetic relatedness. Significant levels of population subdivision were detected among most populations including those between northwestern and southern Thailand (p<10-5), implying absent or minimal gene flow between these populations. Importantly, evidences for intragenic recombination in PvMsp-5 were found in most populations except that from southern Thailand in which haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were exceptionally low. Results from Fu and Li's D, F and D and F tests suggested that PvMsp-5 of most P. vivax populations have been maintained by balancing selection whereas southern Thailand population could have gone through recent bottleneck events. These findings are concordant with a substantial reduction in the number of P. vivax cases in southern Thailand during the past decade, followed by a very recent population expansion. Therefore, spatio-temporal monitoring of parasite population genetics provides important implications for disease control.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.gene.2010.02.007
DO - 10.1016/j.gene.2010.02.007
M3 - Article
C2 - 20178839
AN - SCOPUS:77951093006
SN - 0378-1119
VL - 456
SP - 24
EP - 35
JO - Gene
JF - Gene
IS - 1-2
ER -
