Hacking speech: Informational speech and the first amendment

The Supreme Court has never articulated the extent of First Amendment protection for instructional or "informational" speech-factual speech that may be repurposed for crime. As technology advances and traditional modes of speech become intertwined with code speech, crafting a doctrine that expressly addresses the First Amendment limits of protection for informational speech becomes pressing. Using the case study of "vulnerability speech"-speech that identifies a potentially critical flaw in a technological system but may indirectly facilitate criminality-this Article proposes a four-part "repurposed speech scale" for crafting the outer boundaries of First Amendment protection for informational speech.