TY - JOUR
T1 - House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae)
T2 - Biology, Pest Status, Current Management Prospects, and Research Needs
AU - Geden, C. J.
AU - Nayduch, D.
AU - Scott, J. G.
AU - Burgess, E. R.
AU - Gerry, A. C.
AU - Kaufman, P. E.
AU - Thomson, J.
AU - Pickens, V.
AU - Machtinger, E. T.
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank members of the S1076 multistate project 'Fly Management in Animal Agriculture Systems and Impacts on Animal Health and Food Safety for manuscript discussion and advice. We also appreciate the financial support from Penn State Extension grant to hold a workshop in Orlando, Florida, for the discussion of this manuscript and others in the series. We thank Dana Johnson and Brianna Davis for help in organizing the references and the following individuals for reading and editing the manuscript before it was submitted: Fallon Fowler, Bethia King, David Taylor, Jerome Hogsette, Roger Moon, and Kateryn Rochon. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America 2021.
PY - 2021
Y1 - 2021
N2 - The house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), is a global pest of humans and animals that carries scores of pathogens and costs up to $1 billion per year in the United States alone. Information is reviewed on recognition, distribution, biology, dispersal, and associations with microbes. Particular challenges of managing flies in different animal systems are discussed for swine, poultry, dairy cattle, beef feedlot, and equine operations. Effective fly management requires diligent monitoring and integration of cultural control, especially manure management, with mechanical control, traps, conservation or augmentative biological control, and judicious use of insecticides. House fly is notorious for developing insecticide resistance and its resistance status is summarized as of August 2020. Several critical research needs are identified. Monitoring systems and nuisance/action thresholds need improvement. Faster-killing strains and better formulations are needed to integrate pathogens into Integrated Pest management (IPM) programs. The use of parasitoids remains an inexact science with many questions remaining about species selection and release rates. New attractants are needed for use in traps and attract-and-infect/kill strategies. Screening of new active ingredients for toxicity should continue, including a rigorous assessment of essential oils and other botanicals. Rising global temperatures may affect the balance of the fly with natural enemies. An understanding of the fly microbiome may reveal unknown vulnerabilities, and much remains to be learned about how flies acquire, retain, and transmit human and animal pathogens. System-specific research is also needed to tailor fly IPM programs to individual animal systems, especially in organic and free-range animal production.
AB - The house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), is a global pest of humans and animals that carries scores of pathogens and costs up to $1 billion per year in the United States alone. Information is reviewed on recognition, distribution, biology, dispersal, and associations with microbes. Particular challenges of managing flies in different animal systems are discussed for swine, poultry, dairy cattle, beef feedlot, and equine operations. Effective fly management requires diligent monitoring and integration of cultural control, especially manure management, with mechanical control, traps, conservation or augmentative biological control, and judicious use of insecticides. House fly is notorious for developing insecticide resistance and its resistance status is summarized as of August 2020. Several critical research needs are identified. Monitoring systems and nuisance/action thresholds need improvement. Faster-killing strains and better formulations are needed to integrate pathogens into Integrated Pest management (IPM) programs. The use of parasitoids remains an inexact science with many questions remaining about species selection and release rates. New attractants are needed for use in traps and attract-and-infect/kill strategies. Screening of new active ingredients for toxicity should continue, including a rigorous assessment of essential oils and other botanicals. Rising global temperatures may affect the balance of the fly with natural enemies. An understanding of the fly microbiome may reveal unknown vulnerabilities, and much remains to be learned about how flies acquire, retain, and transmit human and animal pathogens. System-specific research is also needed to tailor fly IPM programs to individual animal systems, especially in organic and free-range animal production.
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U2 - 10.1093/jipm/pmaa021
DO - 10.1093/jipm/pmaa021
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85111939665
SN - 2155-7470
VL - 12
JO - Journal of Integrated Pest Management
JF - Journal of Integrated Pest Management
IS - 1
M1 - 39
ER -