Innovative applications of microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) for extraterrestrial construction

The idea of in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) for building extraterrestrial bases on the moon and Mars has become increasingly popular. This review outlines the latest developments in fabrication of space construction materials using microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology. This innovative approach uses the urease of Sporosarcina pasteurii to promote the precipitation of calcium carbonate from external carbon and nitrogen sources. By using lunar and Martian stardust (afterward called soils in this review) as raw materials, this method presents a sustainable alternative to the difficult and costly process of transporting building materials from Earth to space. The Moon is rich in ilmenite, and TiO₂ is sometimes envisioned to produce H₂, O₂, and H₂O, which could serve as a new water source for MICP on the Moon (Technology Readiness Level≤3). This paper focuses on three key aspects of space construction-related materials and technologies. First, it elaborates the continuous advancement in the understanding of lunar and Martian soils, covering the detailed composition and sourcing methods of lunar soil simulants and Martian soil simulants. Second, it explores the complex operational mechanism and considerable application potential of microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) technology. Third, it discusses the improvement to the physical properties of space bio-bricks, which endows them with promising application prospects as space construction materials. Additionally, the paper identifies current challenges in this field, such as technical bottlenecks, and outlines the essential research progress required in the future. It expresses optimism that MICP technology will play a pivotal role in revolutionizing space construction by developing robust and eco-friendly materials.