Integration and Europe's defense industry: A "reactive spillover" approach

The European Union's influence on defense industry matters has increased in recent years. This is puzzling because the Treaty of Rome permits member states to maintain armaments production and trade issues at the national level. The argument presented in this paper is that the predominant theories of European integration cannot adequately explain this shift in policymaking from the national to the regional level. Reactive spillover combines an appreciation of international environmental pressures with the concept of spillover.