@inproceedings{1d01663b10ac45f498d33266a701f769,
title = "Interfacial issues in multilayer PZT actuators",
abstract = "Multilayer piezoelectric actuators have received a lot of attention recently due to their use in diesel engine fuel-injectors. The workhorse material for these applications has been {"}soft{"} PZT, which exhibits the optimum balance of high d33 piezoelectric coefficients and temperature stability throughout the working environment of automotive actuators. The addition of a sintering aid such as Li2CO3 to the PZT reduces the sintering temperature and allows use of cheaper electrode compositions such as Ag1-xPdx as opposed to noble metals like Pt. However, there are additional problems associated with the interactions of Ag/Pd electrodes and PZT. In this work, we reacted mixed powders of the piezo-ceramic and the Ag/Pd electrode and it was found that a temperature window exists were Pd in the Ag/Pd electrode oxidizes to form PdO which consequently reacts with either the PZT or innate excess PbO to form a secondary phase. This was evidenced by x-ray diffraction scans on the reacted powders. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the new phase formed on the surface of the Ag/Pd particles and was composed of Ag, Pd, Pb and O. In conjunction with the x-ray results, this evidence suggests the phase is an Ag-containing derivative of PbPdO2. In addition, there was evidence that the reaction led to desegregation of the component materials during the heat treatment. It was shown that sintering in a low pO2 environment suppresses the reaction.",
author = "Donnelly, {N. J.} and Shrout, {Thomas R.} and Randall, {Clive A.}",
year = "2006",
month = dec,
day = "1",
language = "English (US)",
isbn = "9781627480871",
series = "CARTS USA 2006",
pages = "209--217",
booktitle = "CARTS USA 2006",
note = "26th Symposium for Passive Components, CARTS-USA 2006 ; Conference date: 03-04-2006 Through 06-04-2006",
}