Interfacial molecular anchor for ambient all-bladed perovskite solar modules

Ambient blade coating of perovskite solar modules shows great potential for large-scale manufacture and commercialization. However, blade coating nanometer-thick buffer layers typically results in a nonuniform surface due to particle instability and aggregation, often leading to insufficient integration and destabilization of the crystallographic lattice in the overlying perovskite layer. Herein, we introduce a layer of “molecular glue” that can effectively anchor the solute that suspends the monodisperse SnO₂ nanoparticles into a uniform thin film and adhere it to the top perovskite during the mechanical blading process. Leveraging this holistic nanoparticle-anchoring strategy, we have achieved a seamlessly bonded cathode heterojunction, resulting in a record efficiency of 26.11% for small cells and the highest efficiency so far of 22.76% (certified at 21.60%) for mini-modules. Importantly, these ambiently all-blade-coated devices exhibit an extended lifetime of approximately 1,500 h, as verified by ISOS-O testing, indicating great promise for commercialization.