TY - JOUR
T1 - International research centers' activities in coal combustion
AU - Smoot, L. Douglas
AU - Douglas Smoot, L.
AU - Azevedo, J. L.T.
AU - Costa, M.
AU - Carvalho, M. G.
AU - Brockway, David J.
AU - Zhang, Dong ke
AU - Hart, J. A.
AU - Wall, T. F.
AU - Wright, John K.
AU - Groenewold, G. H.
AU - Benson, S. A.
AU - Scaroni, Alan W.
AU - Miller, Bruce G.
AU - Pisupati, Soma V.
AU - Stopford, Philip
AU - Hein, Klaus R.G.
AU - Weber, Roman
AU - van de Kamp, Willem L.
AU - Roberts, Peter A.
AU - Hupa, Mikko
AU - Matinlinna, Jukka
AU - Zheng, Chuguang
AU - Lu, Jidong
AU - Zhou, Huaichun
AU - Shi, Xuefeng
AU - Xu, Xuchang
AU - He, Rang
AU - Chen, Changhe
N1 - Funding Information:
HTFS was formed in 1968 to provide industry with leading edge, internationally accepted technology for the design and improvement of heat exchangers and related fluid flow equipment including furnaces and fired heaters. This technology is supported by HTFS’s comprehensive research programme and is provided to industry as software, reports and manuals together with support and consultancy. HTFS currently has more than 200 member companies worldwide and annual expenditures approaching $4.5 million (U.S.$ equivalent) per annum.
Funding Information:
Acknowledgments—A foundational grant from the National Science Foundation, Engineering Education and Centers Division (Dr. Tuppan Mukherjee, Project Officer), has been the cornerstone of Center funding. Substantial financial support through grants, contracts, and membership fees has also come from the U.S. Department of Energy (METC, PETC), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and NASA. Financial support from many industrial companies over the past decade is gratefully acknowledged. Also the technical association with the University of North Dakota, Sandia National Laboratories, and other centers has been invaluable. Particular appreciation is expressed to ACERC Associate Directors, Professor David W. Pershing (U of U) and Professor Thomas H. Fletcher (BYU).
Funding Information:
Over the last few years, the Harwell Combustion Centre has made many significant advances in the development, demonstration and application of laser instrumentation and mathematical modelling to coal flames increasing in size from laboratory-scale to power station boilers. Two large Programmes on Measurements and Scaling of Industrial Coal Flames and Flame Fluctuations and NOx Formation funded by the UK Department of Energy were followed by another programme on Industrial Coal Flames funded by the Department of Trade and Industry as part of its Clean Coal Programme.
Funding Information:
Industrial support from membership fees, grants, and contracts has provided about 1/3 of the research budget. Over one hundred-twenty ACERC-related contracts have been received by Center investigators over the past decade, with over half being from industry. Through a recent industrial survey, the following communications methods were rated highly by the industrial respondents: annual conferences, published papers, the Center news-letter (Burning Issues), contract research reports, consulting with principal investigators, joint projects, and the annual report.
Funding Information:
Since numerical modeling has been the main activity of the Center, several computing facilities are available, including two parallel computers and access to two main-frame computers. The necessity to perform the validation of the modeling tools led to the acquisition of instrumentation and the construction of experimental facilities. An important part of instrumentation was funded by a grant (LASEF Laboratory of Advanced Sensors for Fluid Flow LASEF—M/93) from the Portuguese government under the program CIENCIA (National Program for Scientific Infrastructures) and through the PEDIP program for the LASIQ.
Funding Information:
The participants in the Centre include universities, sections of the electricity supply industry and major Australian private companies. The organisations collaborating in the Centre are the following: Loy Yang Power Ltd; Yallourn Energy Pty Ltd; Hazelwood Power; Optima Energy; CSIRO Division of Minerals; Transfield Technologies Pty Ltd; Lurgi (Australia) Pty Ltd; Monash University; University of Adelaide; Swinburne University of Technology; Strategic Industry Research Foundation; and Memtec Limited. Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology and HRL Limited are also involved in the research program. Funding for the Centre is provided jointly by the Commonwealth Government and participating organisations with total funding over the first seven years of about $34 million, of which about $14 million is from the Commonwealth. Table 9 provides a summary of general characteristics of the Centre, while Table 10 gives some of its dimensions and activities.
Funding Information:
Acknowledgment—The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial and other support received from the Australian Government’s Cooperative Research Centres program.
Funding Information:
the two universities (Brigham Young University and the University of Utah) with additional support from the University of North Dakota.
Funding Information:
Acknowledgments — The authors wish to acknowledge the support of the CRC for Black Coal Utilization which is funded in part by the Cooperative Research Centres Program of the Commonwealth Government of Australia.
Funding Information:
The Centre and its activities are under the direction of a Board of Management, comprising representatives of the major participating organisations with an independent Chairman. The activities of the Centre are managed by the Executive Director both directly and through an incorporated company, Generation Technology Research Proprietory Limited. The Executive Director is supported by a Research Advisory Committee, comprising a group of experts in the area of power generation, coal research and utilization and by an Industry Advisory Panel. The Centre’s Research and Technology Development programs are under the responsibility of two Program Managers. The Program Managers are supported by a Program Advisory Panel who consider the establishment of new research projects, review the progress of existing projects, and advise on funding allocations.
Funding Information:
The Center was formed in 1986 (the year Portugal joined European Economic Community) by researchers in the areas of combustion, numerical methods, and heat transfer. External contacts with European universities and industries have been substantially promoted since then. The group participates in several research projects supported by the European Community, through JOULE (Joint Opportunities for Unconventional or Long Term Energy Supply), but also with THERMIE (Projects for the Promotion of Energy Technologies), BRITE (Basic Research in Individual Technologies for Europe), and ESPRIT (European Strategic Programme for Research and Development in Information Technology) programs. The research projects, developed together with the Portuguese Electricity Generating Board (EDP), have been of utmost importance for the Center. In addition, considerable experience has been achieved in glass technology and the group has worked for the major glass companies in the world (European and North American). The research group has also organized several world-wide recognized international conferences in the areas of fluid mechanics, combustion, and numerical methods, including the clean air (Combustion and Technologies for a Clean Environment) conference series.
PY - 1998/10/1
Y1 - 1998/10/1
N2 - Consumption of fossil fuels (i.e., oil, gas, coal) is the major source (86%) for meeting the world's energy needs and is projected to be so for some time to come. Coal accounts for 73% of the world's recoverable reserves of fossil fuels. World consumption of coal is increasing, particularly in Asia. Yet, clean and efficient use of coal presents important research challenges. This paper provides a comparative review of thirteen combustion centers in eight nations, where each has significant research components devoted to coal. Other active combustion centers doing similar work are not included in this review for various reasons. Following an introduction, a section of this review is devoted to each of the thirteen participating centers. In these sections, mission, objectives, research program, representative accomplishments, and directions are addressed. Data are also provided relating to center history, budget, size, and areas of emphasis. Collectively, these centers expend about $72 million per year, conduct over 600 research projects involving 1500 researchers, interact with 700 organizations, and provide an estimated 1000 reports and manuscripts annually. Though centers vary substantially in years of existence, budget size, personnel, and otherwise, on average, centers have 22 years of experience, involve over 110 research personnel, spend over $5 million per year, and conduct nearly 50 projects. All centers are involved in experimental measurements and applications of computerized combustion models, all work on environmental issues, all do substantial work relating to coal combustion, and all work on transferring center technologies. However, research on other fuels, focus on processes and systems, and emerging technologies vary substantially among the participating centers. Directions for centers' research typically include increasing international activity, strong environmental focus, more work on biomass and waste materials, emerging coal energy technologies, and improvement in conversion efficiencies.
AB - Consumption of fossil fuels (i.e., oil, gas, coal) is the major source (86%) for meeting the world's energy needs and is projected to be so for some time to come. Coal accounts for 73% of the world's recoverable reserves of fossil fuels. World consumption of coal is increasing, particularly in Asia. Yet, clean and efficient use of coal presents important research challenges. This paper provides a comparative review of thirteen combustion centers in eight nations, where each has significant research components devoted to coal. Other active combustion centers doing similar work are not included in this review for various reasons. Following an introduction, a section of this review is devoted to each of the thirteen participating centers. In these sections, mission, objectives, research program, representative accomplishments, and directions are addressed. Data are also provided relating to center history, budget, size, and areas of emphasis. Collectively, these centers expend about $72 million per year, conduct over 600 research projects involving 1500 researchers, interact with 700 organizations, and provide an estimated 1000 reports and manuscripts annually. Though centers vary substantially in years of existence, budget size, personnel, and otherwise, on average, centers have 22 years of experience, involve over 110 research personnel, spend over $5 million per year, and conduct nearly 50 projects. All centers are involved in experimental measurements and applications of computerized combustion models, all work on environmental issues, all do substantial work relating to coal combustion, and all work on transferring center technologies. However, research on other fuels, focus on processes and systems, and emerging technologies vary substantially among the participating centers. Directions for centers' research typically include increasing international activity, strong environmental focus, more work on biomass and waste materials, emerging coal energy technologies, and improvement in conversion efficiencies.
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U2 - 10.1016/S0360-1285(97)00032-4
DO - 10.1016/S0360-1285(97)00032-4
M3 - Editorial
AN - SCOPUS:0032313223
SN - 0360-1285
VL - 24
SP - 409
EP - 501
JO - Progress in Energy and Combustion Science
JF - Progress in Energy and Combustion Science
IS - 5
ER -