Isolation and Identification of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Modulators in White Button Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)

Natural aryl hydrocarbon (AHR) ligands have been identified in food and herbal medicines, and they may exhibit beneficial activity in humans. In this study, white button (WB) feeding significantly decreased AHR target gene expression in the small intestine of both conventional and germ-free mice. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractionation and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) combined with an AHR-responsive cell-based luciferase gene reporter assay were used to isolate and characterize benzothiazole (BT) derivatives and 6-methylisoquinoline (6-MIQ) as AHR modulators from WB mushrooms. The study showed dose-dependent changes of AHR transformation determined by the cell-based luciferase gene reporter assay and transcription of CYP1A1 in human Caco-2 cells by BT derivatives and 6-MIQ. These findings suggested that WB mushroom contains new classes of natural AHR modulators and demonstrated HPLC fractionation and UHPLC-MS/MS combined with a cell-based luciferase gene reporter assay as a useful approach for isolation and characterization of the previously unidentifed AHR modulators from natural products.