TY - JOUR
T1 - Local and regional climate variables driving spring phenology of tortricid pests
T2 - a 36 year study
AU - Pak, Damie
AU - Biddinger, David
AU - Bjørnstad, Ottar N.
N1 - Funding Information:
We would like to thank the faculty and staff of the Penn State Fruit Research Extension Center for their immense help and insight into the system, and especially Dr Larry Hull (retired) who provided much of the trap data from his almost 40 years as an entomologist at the FREC. This work was funded by the National Science Graduate Research Fellowship and the National Science Foundation, grant DEB-1354819. We would also like to thank the reviewers and Rebecca M. Johnson for their helpful suggestions. The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.
Funding Information:
We would like to thank the faculty and staff of the Penn State Fruit Research Extension Center for their immense help and insight into the system, and especially Dr Larry Hull (retired) who provided much of the trap data from his almost 40 years as an entomologist at the FREC. This work was funded by the National Science Graduate Research Fellowship and the National Science Foundation, grant DEB-1354819. We would also like to thank the reviewers and Rebecca M. Johnson for their helpful suggestions. The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 The Royal Entomological Society
PY - 2019/6
Y1 - 2019/6
N2 - 1. Insect phenology is driven by local climate variables, most notably temperature. Increased warming has been linked to advancements in critical phenophases such as the spring flight of reproductive adults in the mid-Atlantic region of the U.S.A. 2. Local climate is governed by the fluctuations of large-scale climate oscillations. In the northern hemisphere, both the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) control the local autumn and winter severity. Low NAO and AO indices are associated with colder autumns and winters, which can delay spring phenology. 3. In this study, 36 years of data from experimental fruit orchards in Biglerville, Pennsylvania, were used to run partial least-squares regressions in order to determine the climate variables related to the spring phenology of five tortricid pest species. 4. The phenology of the tortricid pests did not advance, even though there was evidence of warming at the research site. 5. Spring temperatures were found to be the most significant climate variables in determining the timing of the spring flights. However, autumn–winter temperatures were also important. 6. For the NAO and the AO, it was found that these oscillations affected the tortricid moths by influencing autumn–winter conditions. The oscillations of the NAO and AO can obscure long-term changes in phenology. 7. These findings suggest that the inclusion of large-scale climate oscillations can provide important insights into how climate conditions can influence insect phenology, and presents an opportunity for improving the ability to forecast spring emergence.
AB - 1. Insect phenology is driven by local climate variables, most notably temperature. Increased warming has been linked to advancements in critical phenophases such as the spring flight of reproductive adults in the mid-Atlantic region of the U.S.A. 2. Local climate is governed by the fluctuations of large-scale climate oscillations. In the northern hemisphere, both the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) control the local autumn and winter severity. Low NAO and AO indices are associated with colder autumns and winters, which can delay spring phenology. 3. In this study, 36 years of data from experimental fruit orchards in Biglerville, Pennsylvania, were used to run partial least-squares regressions in order to determine the climate variables related to the spring phenology of five tortricid pest species. 4. The phenology of the tortricid pests did not advance, even though there was evidence of warming at the research site. 5. Spring temperatures were found to be the most significant climate variables in determining the timing of the spring flights. However, autumn–winter temperatures were also important. 6. For the NAO and the AO, it was found that these oscillations affected the tortricid moths by influencing autumn–winter conditions. The oscillations of the NAO and AO can obscure long-term changes in phenology. 7. These findings suggest that the inclusion of large-scale climate oscillations can provide important insights into how climate conditions can influence insect phenology, and presents an opportunity for improving the ability to forecast spring emergence.
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U2 - 10.1111/een.12712
DO - 10.1111/een.12712
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85058849198
SN - 0307-6946
VL - 44
SP - 367
EP - 379
JO - Ecological Entomology
JF - Ecological Entomology
IS - 3
ER -
