Long-term impacts of deer exclosures on mixed-oak forest composition at the Valley Forge National Historical Park, Pennsylvania, USA

Keyphrases

• Pennsylvania 100%
• Forest Composition 100%
• Quercus 100%
• Historical Parks 100%
• Deer Exclosure 100%
• Oak-pine Forest 100%
• Shrub Cover 60%
• Saplings 40%
• Deer 40%
• Low Density 20%
• Rubrum 20%
• Regeneration 20%
• Marsh 20%
• Nyssa Sylvatica 20%
• White-tailed Deer 20%
• Higher Plants 20%
• Woody Plants 20%
• 18 Years Old 20%
• Acer Rubrum 20%
• Low-to-moderate 20%
• Lindera 20%
• Deer Population 20%
• Odocoileus Virginianus 20%
• Understory 20%
• Shannon Index 20%
• Seedling Density 20%
• Liriodendron Tulipifera 20%
• Mesic 20%
• Sassafras Albidum 20%
• Seedling number 20%
• Stand Density 20%
• Understory Vegetation 20%
• Tree Seedlings 20%
• Montana 20%
• Lonicera 20%
• Fraxinus Americana 20%
• Viburnum 20%
• Vegetation Data 20%
• Liriodendron 20%
• Herbaceous Vegetation 20%
• Sapling Density 20%
• Microstegium Vimineum 20%
• Exotic Grasses 20%
• Ligustrum 20%
• Tree Saplings 20%
• Plant Species Richness 20%
• Shade-tolerant 20%

Agricultural and Biological Sciences

• Quercus 100%
• Exclosure 100%
• Deer 100%
• Understory 33%
• Nyssa Sylvatica 16%
• Overstory 16%
• Acer Rubrum 16%
• Odocoileus virginianus 16%
• Liriodendron tulipifera 16%
• Species Diversity 16%
• Sassafras Albidum 16%
• Lonicera 16%
• Quercus Montana 16%
• Fraxinus Americana 16%
• Viburnum 16%
• Liriodendron 16%
• Microstegium vimineum 16%
• Ligustrum 16%