TY - JOUR
T1 - Low occurrence of multi-antimicrobial and heavy metal resistance in Salmonella enterica from wild birds in the United States
AU - Fu, Yezhi
AU - M'ikanatha, Nkuchia M.
AU - Whitehouse, Chris A.
AU - Tate, Heather
AU - Ottesen, Andrea
AU - Lorch, Jeffrey M.
AU - Blehert, David S.
AU - Berlowski-Zier, Brenda
AU - Dudley, Edward G.
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank Dr. Patrick McDermott for editing this manuscript prior to publication. This work is supported by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Grant No. 1 U19 FD007114‐01), U.S. Department of Agriculture (Grant No. PEN4522), and Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Department of Health and Human Services or the U.S. Food and Drug Administration but do represent the views of the U.S. Geological Survey. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Funding Information:
We thank Dr. Patrick McDermott for editing this manuscript prior to publication. This work is supported by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Grant No. 1 U19 FD007114-01), U.S. Department of Agriculture (Grant No. PEN4522), and Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Department of Health and Human Services or the U.S. Food and Drug Administration but do represent the views of the U.S. Geological Survey. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
PY - 2022/3
Y1 - 2022/3
N2 - Wild birds are common reservoirs of Salmonella enterica. Wild birds carrying resistant S. enterica may pose a risk to public health as they can spread the resistant bacteria across large spatial scales within a short time. Here, we whole-genome sequenced 375 S. enterica strains from wild birds collected in 41 U.S. states during 1978–2019 to examine bacterial resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals. We found that Typhimurium was the dominant S. enterica serovar, accounting for 68.3% (256/375) of the bird isolates. Furthermore, the proportions of the isolates identified as multi-antimicrobial resistant (multi-AMR: resistant to at least three antimicrobial classes) or multi-heavy metal resistant (multi-HMR: resistant to at least three heavy metals) were both 1.87% (7/375). Interestingly, all the multi-resistant S. enterica (n = 12) were isolated from water birds or raptors; none of them was isolated from songbirds. Plasmid profiling demonstrated that 75% (9/12) of the multi-resistant strains carried resistance plasmids. Our study indicates that wild birds do not serve as important reservoirs of multi-resistant S. enterica strains. Nonetheless, continuous surveillance for bacterial resistance in wild birds is necessary because the multi-resistant isolates identified in this study also showed close genetic relatedness with those from humans and domestic animals.
AB - Wild birds are common reservoirs of Salmonella enterica. Wild birds carrying resistant S. enterica may pose a risk to public health as they can spread the resistant bacteria across large spatial scales within a short time. Here, we whole-genome sequenced 375 S. enterica strains from wild birds collected in 41 U.S. states during 1978–2019 to examine bacterial resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals. We found that Typhimurium was the dominant S. enterica serovar, accounting for 68.3% (256/375) of the bird isolates. Furthermore, the proportions of the isolates identified as multi-antimicrobial resistant (multi-AMR: resistant to at least three antimicrobial classes) or multi-heavy metal resistant (multi-HMR: resistant to at least three heavy metals) were both 1.87% (7/375). Interestingly, all the multi-resistant S. enterica (n = 12) were isolated from water birds or raptors; none of them was isolated from songbirds. Plasmid profiling demonstrated that 75% (9/12) of the multi-resistant strains carried resistance plasmids. Our study indicates that wild birds do not serve as important reservoirs of multi-resistant S. enterica strains. Nonetheless, continuous surveillance for bacterial resistance in wild birds is necessary because the multi-resistant isolates identified in this study also showed close genetic relatedness with those from humans and domestic animals.
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U2 - 10.1111/1462-2920.15865
DO - 10.1111/1462-2920.15865
M3 - Article
C2 - 34897945
AN - SCOPUS:85120882610
SN - 1462-2912
VL - 24
SP - 1380
EP - 1394
JO - Environmental microbiology
JF - Environmental microbiology
IS - 3
ER -