TY - JOUR
T1 - Maternal mild hyperphenylalaninaemia
T2 - an international survey of offspring outcome
AU - Levy, H. L.
AU - Waisbren, S. E.
AU - Lobbregt, D.
AU - Allred, E.
AU - Leviton, A.
AU - Schuler, A.
AU - Trefz, F. K.
AU - Schwietzer, S. M.
AU - Sardharwalla, I. B.
AU - Walter, J. H.
AU - Barwell, B. E.
AU - Berlin, C. M.
N1 - Funding Information:
The following people contributed information for this survey: B Andrews, K Kinkus (Univesity of Lousiville, Kentucky); K Aoki (Aiiku Maternal & Child Health Center, Toyko, Japan); S Berlow, S van Calcar (Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison); J Breck, W Sundquist (Children’s Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania); N Buist, J Tuerck (Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland); D Carson (Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Northern Ireland); A Davidson (British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver); L Elsas, B Kruse (Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia); R Fisch (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis); B Francois (Dr L Willems Instituut, Diepenbeen, Belgium); B Goss (University of Illinois, Chicago); W Grover, L Tonyes (St Christopher’s Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania); J Hyanek (Charles University Medical School, Karlovo, Czechoslovakia); J Knudtzon (National Hospital, Oslo, Norway); R Koch (Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles); S Kodama (Himeji Red Cross Hospital, Japan); S Lubin (Vancouver, British Columbia); J Moore (Polk County Health Department, Cedartown, Georgia); M O’Flynn (Children’s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois); I Ozalp (Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey); E Schmidt (Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat, Heidelberg, Germany); G Seidlitz (Institute fur Medizinische, Greifswald, Germany); D Valle, L Cooper (Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland); U von Dobeln (Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden); and R Wu (Wilson Memorial Hospital, Johnson City, New York). This study was supported by a grant from the International Life Sciences Institute-Aspartame Technical Committee and by contract number NO 1-HD-2-3 149 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
PY - 1994/12/10
Y1 - 1994/12/10
N2 - Summary. Maternal phenylketonuria (PKU) has adverse effects on the offspring including microcephaly, mental retardation, congenital heart disease, and intrauterine growth retardation. Maternal non-PKU mild hyperphenylalaninaemia (MHP) is believed to be benign, but whether there may be long-term consequences to offspring is unclear. In an international survey we have obtained information about 86 mothers with MHP (blood phenylalanine 167-715 μmol/L), their 219 untreated pregnancies, and 173 offspring. Spontaneous fetal loss (13% of pregnancies), congenital heart disease (2·3% of offspring), and severe non-cardiac anomalies (2·9% of offspring) occurred at frequencies within expected limits for the general population. For weight and length at birth the median percentile was the 50th but that for birth head circumference was the 25th. Median z-scores for birth length and head circumference were significantly lower for offspring of mothers with phenylalanine concentrations above 400 μmol/L than for those whose mothers had lower values (p=0·05 and p=0·005, respectively). The median intelligence quotient (IQ) of the offspring (3-27 years) was 100 for those whose mothers had higher phenylalanine concentrations and 108 for those of the lower phenylalaninaemia group. However, offspring IQ correlated slightly more closely with maternal IQ (r=0·53, p<0·001) than with maternal phenylalanine concentration (r=0·45, p=0·02). Maternal MHP does not seem to have serious consequences for the fetus. A maternal phenylalanine concentration of less than 400 μmol/L does not warrant intervention. Nevertheless, maternal blood phenylalanine above this value is associated with slightly lower birth measurements and offspring IQ than lower maternal blood phenylalanine concentrations.
AB - Summary. Maternal phenylketonuria (PKU) has adverse effects on the offspring including microcephaly, mental retardation, congenital heart disease, and intrauterine growth retardation. Maternal non-PKU mild hyperphenylalaninaemia (MHP) is believed to be benign, but whether there may be long-term consequences to offspring is unclear. In an international survey we have obtained information about 86 mothers with MHP (blood phenylalanine 167-715 μmol/L), their 219 untreated pregnancies, and 173 offspring. Spontaneous fetal loss (13% of pregnancies), congenital heart disease (2·3% of offspring), and severe non-cardiac anomalies (2·9% of offspring) occurred at frequencies within expected limits for the general population. For weight and length at birth the median percentile was the 50th but that for birth head circumference was the 25th. Median z-scores for birth length and head circumference were significantly lower for offspring of mothers with phenylalanine concentrations above 400 μmol/L than for those whose mothers had lower values (p=0·05 and p=0·005, respectively). The median intelligence quotient (IQ) of the offspring (3-27 years) was 100 for those whose mothers had higher phenylalanine concentrations and 108 for those of the lower phenylalaninaemia group. However, offspring IQ correlated slightly more closely with maternal IQ (r=0·53, p<0·001) than with maternal phenylalanine concentration (r=0·45, p=0·02). Maternal MHP does not seem to have serious consequences for the fetus. A maternal phenylalanine concentration of less than 400 μmol/L does not warrant intervention. Nevertheless, maternal blood phenylalanine above this value is associated with slightly lower birth measurements and offspring IQ than lower maternal blood phenylalanine concentrations.
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U2 - 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90404-9
DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90404-9
M3 - Article
C2 - 7983992
AN - SCOPUS:0028052003
SN - 0140-6736
VL - 344
SP - 1589
EP - 1594
JO - The Lancet
JF - The Lancet
IS - 8937
ER -